1. APUSH: Chapter 14
The Civil War

2. 303 total electoral votes and 152 to win.
ELECTION OF 1860
Country is polarized (divided) over the issue of slavery
Once Lincoln is elected as president, South Carolina will secede from the U.S. along with several other Southern States
They will form the Confederate States of America---CSA
303 total electoral votes and 152 to win.
Election of 1860

3. The Secession Crisis
Almost as soon as Lincoln was elected in 1860 → militant southern leaders began to demand an end to the union
“Southern nationalism”
“fire-eaters

4. The Withdrawal of the South
South Carolina seceded first
By the time Lincoln took office → six states had seceded
Feb → the seven seceded states form a new nation → the Confederate States of America
Federal property is seized

5. The Failure of Compromise
The Crittenden Compromise:
Called for several constitutional amendments
Guarantee existence of slavery
Enforcement of fugitive slave laws
Slavery in the District of Columbia
Reestablish the Missouri Compromise line
Republican reject this
Lincoln sneaks into Washington for his inauguration

6. Fort Sumter → federal base on an island in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina
April 1861 → Confederate forces bombard Fort Sumter → the Civil War has begun
Lincoln began mobilizing the North
Four more slave states secede
Four Border states → slave states that remain loyal to the Union
People on both sides believed that two distinct and incompatible civilizations had developed → incapable of living together in peace
Fort Sumter

10. Secession

11. The Opposing Sides Southern advantages: Defensive war
Fighting on home territory
White pop committed to the cause
English and French dependency on cotton would force them to support the South
Union advantages:
Pop twice as large
Factories and manufacturing
Wealth
Transportation – twice as much trackage

12. Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

13. 10,000,000 - includes 4 million slaves
NORTH VS SOUTH
11 states
10,000, includes 4 million slaves
Agricultural economy - Exports, not food
Limited manufacturing and railroad lines
Davis, military experience - Better military leaders
Belief war is about states rights, independence and preserving their war of life
22 states
23,000,000 population
Industrial economy
Majority of transportation
Lincoln, a military novice → asks Robert E. Lee to command Union troops and declines
Belief war is about slavery and preserving the Union.
“The North’s major advantage would be its economy and the South’s main disadvantage was its economy”

15. Rating the North & the South

16. BLUE/USA GRAY/CSA United States of America or Union
NORTH VS SOUTH
BLUE/USA
United States of America or Union
President Abraham Lincoln
Capital: Washington, D.C.
Feds-----Federal
Yanks-----Yankees
Bluebellies
Blue coats
GRAY/CSA
Confederate States of America
President Jefferson Davis
Capital: Richmond, VA
Rebs------Rebels---”Johnny Rebs”
Secessh Seccession
Graycoats
Yellow bellies

17. LINCOLN VS DAVIS vs Born in Kentucky Born in Kentucky
Served as Secretary of War
Senator from Mississippi
Slaveowner
Served as Secretary of State
First and only President of the CSA
Born in Kentucky
Self-educated
Congressmen from Illinois
Abolitionist
First Presidential candidate for the Republican Party
Minority president
Lincoln/Davis

18. Cartoon: Lincoln vs Davis

19. Cartoon: North thought of secession

20. Cartoon: Davis hanging himself

21. The Mobilization of the North
Republican economic policy
The Homestead Act → 160 acres of land plus living on it for 5 years
The Morrill Land Grant Act → gave public land to states to sell to raise money for public educations
Tariffs
Transcontinental railroad → Union Pacific building west and the Central Pacific building east
The National Bank Acts

22. Financing the War North: South: Borrow Money- (most) ($2.6 Billion)
Bonds ($400 million)
Print Money → “greenbacks” → causes inflation
Levying Taxes - income taxes and taxes on goods
South:
Borrow Money- Bonds
Print Money-Causes inflation
Taxes
Cotton export

23. Raising the Union Armies
Volunteers → at the beginning
National draft/conscription 1863
Hiring a “substitute” → $300
Draft riots → New York City → Irish immigrants attack free blacks

24. Draft Riots

25. Wartime Politics LINCOLN'S "NECESSARY" ACTIONS
Suspended “civil liberties” or parts of the Constitution
suspended habeas corpus - protects from unfair arrest and trial by jury
Occupation of Baltimore - controlled by military → “martial law”
Arrested over 15,000 civilians without “probable cause” → suspicious “Rebel” sympathizers
Closed “rebel” newspapers → violated 1st amendment rights of “free speech and press”

26. Politics & the Election of 1864
The Union Party – Republicans + Northern War Democrats
McClellan – famous general fired by Lincoln – runs against Lincoln
“Copperheads” = Peace Democrats → northerners who were against the war
Lincoln wins reelection 1864

28. Presidential Election of 1864

29. The Politics of Emancipation - Confiscation Acts
May Law that allowed Union forces to seize enemy material and property of rebellious states and citizens for the war effort.
Property included slaves
Allowed Federal Government to use these slaves for the war effort
1862 2nd Confiscation Act
Declared free slaves of persons aiding and supporting the rebellion
Authorized President to employ Freed Slaves as soldiers

30. Emancipation Proclamation
January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation signed
Lincoln was pressured to create a policy regarding slaves in the rebellious states
Previous, Confiscation Acts were used to address Slaves that come under the jurisdiction of Union forces
After the victory of Antietam he was persuaded to try and weaken the Confederacy

31. Emancipation Proclamation
Executive order of the President
Applied only to Slaves in Rebellious states (except those already under Union control- TN, West VA, Southern Louisiana)
Stated as of January 1, 1863
“I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, shall recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.”

32. Significance of Emancipation Proclamation
The war was expanded to end Slavery
Allowed for the recruitment and use of Blacks into the Union Army
Did not address slavery in Border States of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, or Delaware

34. African Americans and the Union Cause
186,000 serve in Union Army, Navy, and laborers
Most blacks served in support/labor
54th Massachusetts, Capt. Robert Gould Shaw
Blacks captured were returned to slavery or killed.

35. Women, Nursing, and the War
Women enter the field of nursing – served in field hospitals
Clara Barton → one of the founders of nursing profession and of the American Red Cross

36. The Confederate Government
Sovereignty w/the states
Jefferson Davis
funding and finance problems
Manpower shortage
States’ rights versus centralization
South was cut off from markets

37. The Role of Sea Power Union had overwhelming naval advantage
Union naval blockade
Ironclads → the Monitor vs. the Merrimac

38. Monitor vs. Merrimac – March 1862

40. Europe and Disunited States
North:
Wanted no foreign intervention
South:
Wanted recognition from foreign governments - Britain or France
Wanted intervention from British

41. The Course of Battle
1863: Emancipation proclamation New York draft riots Grant Vicksburg victory Battle of Gettysburg 1864: Sherman invades the south Burning of Atlanta Lincoln win reelection 1865: General Lee surrenders at Appomatox Court House
1860: South Carolina secedes 1861: Fort Sumter 1st Battle of Bull Run 1862: Battle of Shiloh Lee defends Richmond Battle of Antietam

42. First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)- July 1861 → only 30 miles from D
First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)- July 1861 → only 30 miles from D.C.
Large psychological impact…
The Western Theatre
Admiral Farragut captures New Orleans
Grant victories in Kentucky and E. Tennessee – later takes control of upper Mississippi at victory at Shiloh
The Opening Clashes, 1861

43. The Virginia Front, 1862 Army of the Potomac Gen. George McClellan
Overcautious always thought he was outnumbered
Frustrated Lincoln

44. Peninsula Campaign (April-June 1862)
McClellan tries to flank Richmond
Robert E. Lee emerges to thwart the attack
Gen. John Pope replaces McClellan
Peninsula Campaign (April-June 1862)

45. Second Bull Run (Manassas) July-August 1862
Lee strikes quickly at Pope and forces him into a trap…
Federals withdraw to Washington…
Lincoln replaces Pope with McClellan

46. Antietam (September 1862) Lee invades Maryland…
McClellan intercepts Lee’s plans…
Bloodiest day of the war…
Considered one of the most decisive battles in world history…
Lee retreats, McClellan doesn’t pursue.. (he’s replaced by Ambrose Burnside)
Really a “draw” but Lincoln considers it a badly needed victory…

47. Chancellorsville (May 1863)
Lee had defeated Burnside at Fredericksburg in 1862 – he was replaced by Joseph Hooker…
Chancellorsville Lee drives back the Union army → but Stonewall Jackson is injured and later dies
Hooker is replaced by George Meade

48. The Fall of Vicksburg (July 4, 1863)
7month siege
Last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi
Cuts Confederacy in half

49. Gettysburg (July 1-3 1863) Lee invades PA
Bloodiest battle of Civil War – turning point of the war
1st Day: Confederates take Gettysburg – Union takes high ground (Little Round Top & Cemetary Ridge)

50. Day 2: Lee tries to flank Union right and left…they hold
Day 3: Lee orders George Pickett to charge the center…
“High Tide of the Confederacy”…

52. Lee retreats
Meade doesn’t pursue
Gettysburg Address (November 1863)

53. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Gettysburg Address

54. The Last Stage, 1864-1865 Grant’s strategy:
Army of the Potomac would advance towards Richmond
In the west Sherman would march on Atlanta

55. Sherman’s March to the Sea Nov. 1864 – Dec. 1864
Sherman marches through Georgia perpetrating massive destruction in an effort to break the will of the South
“I can make the march and make Georgia howl!”
“We cannot change the hearts of those people of the South, but we can make war so terrible and make them so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it.”

56. Sherman’s March To the Sea
“total war”
Burns Atlanta to the ground…
Marches south to Savannah on the coast → creates a 60 mile wide, 300 mile long path of destruction
“war is hell…”

59. Appomattox Court House, VA – April 9, 1865

60. Appomattox Court House

61. Generous terms of surrender
Horses
Grant: “The war is over…”
“Honest Abe” asks the band to play Dixie…

62. early on a frosty mornin',Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land.
I wish I was in the land of cotton, old times there are not forgotten, Look
away, look away, look away, Dixie land. In Dixie land where I was born in,
early on a frosty mornin',Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land.
Chorus:
Then I wish I was in Dixie, hooray! Hooray! In Dixie land I'll take my stand, to live and die in Dixie, Away, away, away down south in Dixie, Away, away, away down south in Dixie.
Southrons, hear your country call you! Up, lest worse than death befall you! To arms! To arms! To arms, in Dixie! Lo! All the beacon-fires are lighted, Let all hearts be now united! To arms ! To arms! To arms, in Dixie!
Advance the flag of Dixie Hurrah! Hurrah! For Dixie's land we take our stand, And live or die for Dixie! To Arms! To Arms! And conquer peace for Dixie...To Arms! To Arms And conquer peace for Dixie
Hear the Northern thunders mutter! Northern flags in South winds flutter! To arms ! To arms! To arms, in Dixie! Send them back your fierce defiance! Stamp upon the accursed alliance! To arms ! To arms! To arms, in Dixie!

63. DIXIE LAND
Chorus:
Advance the flag of Dixie Hurrah! Hurrah! For Dixie's land we take our stand, And live or die for Dixie! To Arms! To Arms! And conquer peace for Dixie To Arms! To Arms And conquer peace for Dixie
Chorus: Fear no danger! Shun no labor! Lift up rifle, pike and saber! To arms ! To arms! To arms, in Dixie! Shoulder pressing close to shoulder, Let the odds make each heart bolder! To arms ! To arms! To arms, in Dixie!
Chorus: Swear upon our country's altar. Never to submit or to falter, To arms ! To arms! To arms, in Dixie! Till the spoilers are defeated, Till the Lord's work is completed! To arms ! To arms! To arms, in Dixie!

64. “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” – Julia Ward Howe
Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord; He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword: His truth is marching on. (Chorus) Glory, Glory, hallelujah! Glory, glory, hallelujah! Glory, glory, hallelujah! His truth is marching on. I have seen Him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling camps, They have builded Him an altar in the evening dews and damps; I can read His righteous sentence in the dim and flaring lamps: His day is marching on. (Chorus) Glory, glory, hallelujah! Glory, glory, hallelujah! Glory, glory, hallelujah! His day is marching on.

65. Most destructive 620,000 die over a million total casualties unknown number of civilian dead
Cost $15 billion (about $1.5 trillion today)
4 Million Slaves freed
Accelerated industrialization and modernization of the U.S.
Railroads & Steel Industry
Textiles
Food Processing

66. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
“With malice towards none, with charity for all…”