1. Carbon Compounds

2. Chemistry of Carbon Is carbon that interesting? YES!!!! WHY??
ALL organic molecules contain carbon!!!
Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons, which can join with another electron from another atom to make a strong covalent bond
Carbon can bond with many elements including O, H, P, S and N
Carbon can bond to other carbon atoms, which gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length
Carbon can form millions of different large and complex structures, no other element even comes close to being able to do that!!!!!

3. Macromolecules
Living cells that are very large are called macromolecules which means “giant molecule”
Formed by a process known as polymerization (large compounds are built by joining smaller ones)
The smaller units or monomers, join together to form polymers
The monomers may be identical (like links in a watch) or different( like a multi-stranded necklace)

4. Macromolecules
Since it would be difficult to study the millions of macromolecules and monomers that make life, they are classified into four groups
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

5. Carbohydrates
Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy; plants and some animals use them for structural purposes
Carbohydrates break down into__________

6. Carbs cont…. Single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides
Glucose, galactose which is found in milk and fructose which is found in______
When monosaccharides are joined together they form a large marcomolecules known as polysaccharides.
Glycogen: released in your body when your glucose runs low to help supply energy for movement
Living things store extra sugar as a starch
Animals use a starch called glycogen
Plants use a starch called plant starch
Plant also make a polysaccharide called cellulose

7. Lipids
Lipids are a group of macromolecules that are generally not soluble in water
Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen
Most common categories are: fats, oils and waxes
Lipids can be used to store energy
Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings
Steroids fall in the category of lipids as well because they serve as chemical messengers

8. Lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with fatty acids, normally three
What it looks like:

9. Nucleic Acids
Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus
N.A are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides
Nucleotides consist of three parts:
A 5-carbon sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base

10. Nucleic Acids…continued
There are two types of nucleic acids:
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) which contains the sugar ribose
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which contains the sugar deoxyriboseNucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information

11. Proteins
Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids
Amino acids are compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end
More than 20 amino acids can be found in nature

12. Functions
Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell process, these proteins are called enzymes
Enzymes are composed of amino acids
Some are used to form bones and muscles
Some transport substances into or out of cells or help fight disease