1. End Show Slide 1 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Carbon Compounds

2. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 2 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with the electrons from other atoms to form strong covalent bonds.

3. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 3 of 37 A carbon atom will also readily bond to other carbon atoms, giving it the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length. Chains of carbon can even close upon themselves to form rings. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 4 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Chemistry of Carbon Living organisms are made of molecules that consist of carbon chains or rings and other elements. Carbon compounds form millions of different large and complex structures.

5. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 5 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Large molecules are called macromolecules. Carbon compounds form macromolecules. Macromolecules are created by joining many small molecules together. The small molecules/units that are joined together are called monomers. The macromolecules formed are called polymers, which means “many units”.

6. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 6 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Monomers in a polymer may be identical (as in the previous slide), or the monomers may be slightly different. What does polymerization mean?

7. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 7 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins

8. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 8 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. For example, glucose, as simple carbohydrate is C 6 H 12 O 6.

9. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 9 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates What is the function of carbohydrates?

10. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 10 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

11. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 11 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for all cell activities. Since sugars are so important, living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates. In plants, these complex carbohydrates are called starch. Plants also make another one called cellulose. In animals, the complex carbohydrate that stores glucose is called glycogen.

12. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 12 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are the monomers. Monosaccharides include glucose, galactose (a component of milk), and fructose (found in many fruits). Note: Table sugar (sucrose) is actually a disaccharide, composed of glucose joined to fructose. The large macromolecules (like starch) formed from monosaccharides are called polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are polymers.

13. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 13 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Lipids are organic compounds that generally are not soluble in water. Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. The common categories of lipids are: fats, oils, waxes, steroids.

14. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 14 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids What is the function of lipids?

15. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 15 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. Steroids synthesized by the body are lipids as well. Many steroids, such as hormones, serve as chemical messengers.

16. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 16 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 molecules of fatty acids. See next slide or Fig. 2-15 on pg. 47. If each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be saturated. The term saturated is used because the fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.

17. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 17 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall glycerol 3 fatty acids saturated unsaturated

18. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 18 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, it is unsaturated. Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one double bond are polyunsaturated. Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature.

19. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 19 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.

20. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 20 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar (C atoms are in a ring) a phosphate group (-PO 4 ) a nitrogenous base (base containing C and NITROGEN atoms in a ring ) Nucleotides can be joined to other nucleotides by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid.

21. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 21 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids

22. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 22 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Some nucleotides, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), play important roles in capturing and transferring chemical energy Nucleic acids have another, very important function. What is the function of nucleic acids?

23. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 23 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. There are two kinds of nucleic acids, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA contains the sugar ribose. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose.

24. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 24 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids. Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide. A protein is a functional molecule built from one or more polypeptides.

25. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 25 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins There are more than 20 different kinds of amino acids. The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA. Amino Acids Protein Molecule

26. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 26 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some proteins are used to form cellular structures. Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.

27. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 27 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Proteins can have up to four levels of organization: 1.The amino acids sequence. 2.The folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain. 3.The complete, three-dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain. 4.(For proteins with more than one chain) The specific arrangement of each chain in space.

28. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 28 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3

29. End Show Slide 29 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as a.lipids. b.monosaccharides. c.proteins. d.polysaccharides.

30. End Show Slide 30 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Many lipids are formed from glycerol and a.fatty acids. b.monosaccharides. c.amino acids. d.nucleic acids.

31. End Show Slide 31 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules because a.they contain both amino groups and carboxyl groups. b.they can twist and fold into many different and complex structures. c.they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. d.their R groups can be either acidic or basic.

32. End Show Slide 32 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Which of the following statements about cellulose is true? a.Animals make it and use it to store energy. b.Plants make it and use it to store energy. c.Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton. d.Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells.

33. End Show Slide 33 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that a.plants make polysaccharides, while animals make proteins. b.proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharides are not. c.polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids. d.proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not.

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