1. Matter and Change

2. Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space

3. Mass The amount of matter an object contains
Mass is NOT weight. Weight is the effect of gravity on mass.

4. Pure Substance
Any matter that has a fixed composition and definite properties
Elements and Compounds are pure substances
Compounds cannot be separated by physical means

5. Physical Property
Quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured w/o changing the substance’s composition
Color
Solubility
Odor
Hardness
Density
Melting pt.
Freezing pt.

6. States of Matter

7. Gases High energy Free to spread in all directions
Fill the area in which it is contained
Collisions between atoms occurs frequently
Collisions against walls creates Pressure

8. Liquids Take shape of container
Particles are close but not as tightly connected as solids
The viscosity of the liquid is determined by the attraction of the particles in the liquid. Oil is more viscous than water

9. Solids Low energy Have rigid structures, no room to change position
Does not need a container to have a shape
Particles are held closely together by strong attractions

10. Physical Changes Way to change matter w/o altering it chemically Grind
Boil
Freeze
Bend
Dissolve
Melt

11. Heterogeneous Mixture
Substances are not uniformly mixed
Examples
Flour in water
Hamburger
Salad

12. Homogeneous Mixture
Substances are uniformly mixed and stay the same throughout
Examples
Salt water
Gasoline

13. Distillation Way of separating liquids
The liquid is vaporized and then cooled to be collected
Every substance has a unique boiling pt.

14. Elements
Simplest forms of matter that can exist under normal laboratory conditions
Elements CANNOT be separated into simpler substances by chemical means
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sodium
Nickel
Sulfur

15. Compounds Two or more elements chemically combined
Substances that can be separated only be chemical means
Sodium chloride
Sucrose
Water
Calcium carbonate

16. Chemical Symbol
Symbols have been used to represent elements since the original four were discussed (Earth, wind, fire, water)
Shorthand way to write chemical formulas
First letter is ALWAYS capitalized
Second letter is ALWAYS lower case
Subscript numbers represent proportions of the elements

17. Chemical Symbol (Cont.)
Sucrose Elements
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
C12H22O11
Subscripts
12 Carbon Atoms 11 Oxygen Atoms
22 Hydrogen Atoms

18. Chemical Reaction One or more substances change into new substances
Reactant – starting substance
Product – substance formed
2H2 + O2 H2O Reactant Product

19. Conservation of Mass Mass is neither created nor destroyed
During any chemical rxn, the quantity of matter is unchanged. The mass of products always equals the mass of reactants