1. WEEK 5 NEED OF DATA COLLECTING FOR QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
6. Research Design
7. Data Collection, Data Processing, and Analysis
8. Testing the Hypotheses; Answering the Research
Questions
9. Report Writing

2. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DESIGN
Scientific research is a systematic, controlled, empirical ,and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presume relations among natural phenomena.
The main purpose is to design the research in a way that the requisite data can be gathered and analyzed to arrive at a solution.

3. Components of Research Design
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:
(Exploratory, Descriptive, Hypothesis Testing Analysis)
TYPE OF INVESTIGATION: CASUAL VERSUS CORRELATIONAL
The study in which the researcher wants to delineate the cause of one or more problems is called a causal study. When the researcher is interested in delineating the important variables associated with the problem, the study is called a correlational study.
A causal study question:
Does smoking cause cancer?
A correlational study question:
Are smoking and cancer related?

4. Components of Research Design
EXTENT OF RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE WITH THE STUDY
The extent of interference by the researcher with the normal flow of work at the workplace has a direct bearing on whether the study undertaken is causal or correlational.
Factors influencing training effectiveness (a correlational study)
The influence of lighting on worker performance

5. Components of Research Design
STUDY SETTING: CONTRIVED AND NONCONTRIVED
Organizational research can be done in the natural environment where work proceeds normally (that is, in noncontrived settings) or in artificial, contrived settings.
UNIT OF ANALYSIS: INDIVIDUALS, DYADS, GROUPS, ORGANIZATIONS, CULTURES
The unit of analysis refers to the level of collection of the data collected during the data analysis stage.
For instance, the problem statement focuses on how to raise the motivational levels of employees in general, then we are interested in individual employees in the organization
If the researcher is interested in studying two-person interactions, then several two-person groups, also known as dyads,
If the problem statement is related to group effectiveness, then the unit of analysis would be at the group level.

6. Components of Research Design
TIME HORIZON: CROSS-SECTIONAL VERSUS LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
Cross-Sectional Studies
A study can be done in which data are gathered just once, perhaps over a period of days or weeks or months, in order to answer a research question. Such studies are called one-shot or cross- sectional studies.
Longitudinal Studies
In some cases, however, the researcher might want to study people or phenomena at more than one point in time in order to answer the research question. For instance, the researcher might want to study employees‘ behavior before and after a change in the top management

7. Components of Research Design
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
Data can be collected in a variety of ways. Data collection methods include:
Interviews—face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, computer-assisted interviews, and interviews through the electronic media;
Questionnaires that are either personally administered, sent through the mail, or electronically administered;
Observation of individuals and events with or without videotaping or audio recording.

8. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

9. Report Writing