1. Introduction to Chemistry
Section 1: A Story of Two Substances
Section 2: Chemistry and Matter
Section 3: Scientific Methods
Section 4: Scientific Research

2. Section 1: Chemistry is the study of everything around us.
Section 2: Branches of chemistry involve the study of different kinds of matter.
Section 3: Scientists use scientific methods to systematically pose and test solutions to questions and assess the results of the tests.
Section 4: Some scientific investigations result in the development of technology that can improve our lives and the world around us.

3. Vocabulary Review New continued New matter quantitative data
technology
systematic approach
synthetic
New continued
quantitative data
hypothesis
experiment
independent variable
dependent variable
control
conclusion
theory
scientific law
pure research
applied research
New
chemistry
substance
mass
weight
model
scientific method
qualitative data

4. A Story of Two Substances
Section 1

5. Section 1: A Story of Two Substances
Chemistry is the study of everything around us. K
What I Know W
What I Want to Find Out L
What I Learned

6. Why Study Chemistry?
All the “stuff” in the universe is made from building blocks formed in stars.
These building blocks and everything made from them are called matter.
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.

7. What is Chemistry?

8. The Ozone Layer Ultraviolet radiation damages living organisms.
Earth’s atmosphere contains a layer of ozone that absorbs most ultraviolet radiation and protects living organisms.
Ozone is a substance in the atmosphere made up of oxygen.
A substance, also known as a chemical, is matter that has a definite composition.

9. The Ozone Layer
Earth’s atmosphere consists of several layers. The protective ozone layer is located in the stratosphere.

10. The Ozone Layer
Ozone, in the stratosphere, is formed when oxygen gas (O2) is exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

11. The Ozone Layer
Ozone has interested and been studied by scientists since the late 1800’s.
Ozone forms over the equator, where the rays of sunlight are the strongest and then flows towards the poles, thus, making it a convenient marker to follow the flow of air in the stratosphere.
The Ozone Layer

12. The Ozone Layer
In the mid-1980s, Scientists detected thin areas in the ozone layer over Antarctica.
What could be causing the ozone hole?

13. Chlorofluorocarbons
In the 1920’s, large-scale production of refrigerators began, which used ammonia as coolant.
In an attempt to find safer coolant, chemist, Thomas Midgley, Jr. synthesized the first chlorofluorocarbons in 1928.
A Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is a substance that consists of chlorine, fluorine and carbon.
All substances that are classified as CFCs are:
Man-made (they do not occur naturally)
Nontoxic
Stable (they do not readily react with other substances)
Because of being nontoxic and very stable, they seemed to be ideal coolants for refrigerators and AC units, for use in plastic foams and as propellants in spray cans.
CFCs

14. Chlorofluorocarbons
CFCs were first detected in the atmosphere in the 1970s, and the concentrations continued to increase through the 1990s.
Could there be a connection between ozone thinning and increasing CFCs in the atmosphere?

15. Review Essential Questions Vocabulary chemistry substance
What is a substance?
How does ozone form and why is it important?
What are chlorofluorocarbons and how do they get into the atmosphere?
Vocabulary
chemistry
substance

16. Chemistry and Matter
Section 2

17. Section 2: Chemistry and Matter
Branches of chemistry involve the study of different kinds of matter. K
What I Know W
What I Want to Find Out L
What I Learned

18. Matter and its characteristics
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Mass is a measurement that reflects the amount of matter.
Weight is a measure of mass and force of gravity on an object. Weight can change from place to place, but mass is constant.
Much of matter and its behavior is macroscopic, meaning that it can be observed without a microscope.
The structure, composition, and behavior of all matter can be described on the submicroscopic (atomic) level.
Chemistry explains events on the atomic level that cause macroscopic observations.
A model is a verbal, visual, or mathematical explanation of experimental data.
Weight VS Mass

19. Chemistry: The Central Science
A basic understanding of chemistry is central to all sciences – biology, physics, Earth science, ecology, etc. Chemistry is traditionally broken into branches that focus on specific areas such as:
Organic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry
Physical chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Biochemistry
Environmental chemistry
Industrial chemistry
Polymer chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
thermochemistry

20. Match what you think is the branch of chemistry to its area of emphasis (start with what you do know)
Area of Emphasis
Branch
Most carbon-containing chemicals
In general, matter that doesn’t contain carbon
The behavior and changes of matter and the related energy changes
Components and composition of substances
Matter and processes of living organisms
Matter and the environment
Chemical processes in industry
Polymers and plastics
Chemical interactions
Heat involved in chemical processes
Analytical chemistry
Industrial chemistry
Physical chemistry
Biochemistry
Inorganic chemistry
Polymer chemistry
Thermochemistry

21. Review Essential Questions Vocabulary
How do mass and weight compare and contrast?
Why are chemists interested in a submicroscopic description of matter?
What defines the various branches of chemistry?
Vocabulary
Mass
weight
model

22. Scientific Methods & Research
Section 3 & Section 4

23. Section 3 & 4: Scientific Methods & Research
Scientists use scientific methods to systematically pose and test solutions to questions and assess the results of the tests.
Some scientific investigations result in the development of technology that can improve our lives and the world around us. K
What I Know W
What I Want to Find Out L
What I Learned

24. A Systematic Approach
The scientific method is a systematic approach used in scientific study, whether it is chemistry, physics, biology, or another science.
It is an organized process used by scientists to do research, and provides methods for scientists to verify the work of others.
The steps in a scientific method are repeated until a hypothesis is supported or discarded.

25. A Systematic Approach
An observation is the act of gathering information.
Qualitative data is obtained through observations that describe color, smell, shape, or some other physical characteristic that is related to the 5 senses.
Quantitative data is obtained from numerical observations that describe how much, how little, how big, or how fast.
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for what has been observed.
An experiment is a set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis.

26. A Systematic Approach
A variable is a quantity or condition that can have more than one value.
An independent variable is the variable you plan to change.
The dependent variable is the variable that changes in value in response to a change in the independent variable
EXAMPLE: If you were trying to determine if temperature affects bacterial growth, you would expose different petri dishes of the same bacteria to different temperatures
Temperature is your independent variable
Bacteria growth is your dependent variable
Variables Song (Creepy guy)

27. Experiments A Systematic Approach
A control is a standard for comparison in the experiment.
During clinical drug trials, physicians will use a double-blind study. They use 2 statistically identical groups of patients. 1 will receive the drug and 1 will receive a placebo (sugar pill). Neither patient or physician know which group receives the drugs.
The group receiving the placebo is the control group.
A conclusion is a judgment based on the information obtained from the experiment.
A hypothesis is never proven, only supported or discarded.
Experiments

28. Theory and Scientific Law
A theory is an explanation that has been repeatedly supported by many experiments.
A theory states a broad principle of nature that has been supported over time by repeated testing.
Theories are successful if they can be used to make predictions that are true.
A scientific law is a relationship in nature that is supported by many experiments, and no exceptions to these relations are found.

29. Accidental Discoveries
Types of Scientific Investigations
Pure research is research to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself.
Applied Research is research undertaken to solve a specific problem.
Change discoveries occurs when scientists obtain results that are far different from what they expected.
Sometimes accidents are better! Alexander Fleming’s discovery of Penicillin has saved millions.
Accidental Discoveries

30. Review Scientific method Qualitative data Quantitative data Hypothesis
Essential Questions
What are the common steps of scientific method?
What are the similarities and differences between qualitative data and quantitative data?
In an experiment, which variable is the independent variable, which is the dependent variable, and which are controls?
What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law?
How do pure research, applied research, and technology compare and contrast?
Vocabulary
Scientific method
Qualitative data
Quantitative data
Hypothesis
Experiment
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Control
Conclusion
Theory
Scientific law
Synthetic
Pure research
Applied research