1. Thinking, Language and Intelligence
THREE COGINTIVE PROCESSES THAT ARE CHARACTERISTICALLY HUMAN

2. Thinking Is Usually Referred to As Cognition.
concepts
solve problems
make decisions.

3. Concepts are the mental groupings by which we put together similar objects, events and people.

4. Without Concepts We Would Need a Different Name for Every Object and Idea.

5. Human Beings Organize Concepts Into Hierarchies.

6. Mental representations of some sense experiences
Images
Mental representations of some sense experiences

7. We think by using images

8. We Tend to Form Concepts by Developing Prototypes.

9. Prototypes Allow Us to Develop Concepts and Ideas From Which We Make Interpretations.

10. PROBLEM SOLVING

11. What is problem solving?
What must be done to achieve a goal not readily attainable.

12. The way we represent a problem determines if we can solve it

13. There are three steps involved in problem solving
1. interpretation
2. strategy
3. evaluation

14. There are four ways to solve problems:
Trial and error
Information retrieval
algorithms
heuristics

15. Trial and error
Trying out solutions one after the other until one works.

16. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
Retrieving from long term memory

17. An algorithm is a step by step procedure which guarantees a solution if it is appropriate for the problem and can be carried out

18. Heuristics Are Rule of Thumb Strategies That Allow Us to Make Quick Decisions, but do not guarantee a solution .

19. Other heuristic strategies
Means-ends analysis
Working backwards

20. There are three types of problems:
Problems of inducing structure
Problems of arrangement
Problems of transformation

21. Problems of inducing structure
discover the relationship between the parts of a problems IE

22. Problems of arrangement
arranging the parts of a problem to satisfy some criteria.

23. Problems of transformation
carrying out a sequence of transformation in order to reach a specific goal.

24. Creativity is the ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in a novel ways

25. Sometimes We Cannot Solve Problems Effectively for Several Reasons
Sometimes We Cannot Solve Problems Effectively for Several Reasons. They Are:
Confirmation bias
Fixation
Representativeness
Availability
Familiarity
Overconfidence
Framing
Belief Perseverance
Anchoring heuristic
The affect heuristic

26. Confirmation Bias

27. Fixation (a mental set)
This inability to see a fresh perspective.
It is tunnel vision.

28. Some People Are Functionally Fixated.
The tendency to perceive a function of an object as fixed and unchanging.

29. Representativeness
The tendency to define things in terms of the way we see it.

30. Availability
Basing our judgments and decisions on information that we can immediately recall.

31. Familiarity
Familiar items are seen as superior to unfamiliar

32. There are some other problems with our thinking, one is overconfidence
The tendency to feel sure about our beliefs and to explain away our failures.

33. Overconfidence Makes Us Feel That We Are Correct Most of the Time.

34. Framing
Presentation that effects the way we think and solve problems.

35. Belief Perseverance
The tendency to cling to our beliefs even in the face of contrary evidence.

36. The anchoring heuristic
When a starting point influences ones conclusions
one makes a suggestion (an anchor) about an issue
Your conclusion will not deviate much IF

37. The affect heuristic
When your feelings affect your decisions

38. There are several other limitations to problem solving and decision making. They are:
The gamblers fallacy
The law of small numbers
The conjunction fallacy

39. Dual Processing Theory of Cognition and Emotion
This attempts to explain how emotions affect reason

40. DUEL PROCESSING THEORY STATES THAT
WHEN FACED WITH A PROBLEM YOU WILL EITHER RESPOND FAST OR SLOW
TYPE 1 OR TYPE 2 THINKING

41. Type 1 thinking Fast thinking Impulse, gut response, intuition
Based on emotion
IT ACTIVATES HEURISTIC THINKING

42. Type 2 thinking Slow thinking Analysis and evaluation
Requires more effort

43. Language
How do we speak?

44. Language is based on units of sounds called phonemes
i.e. t, th, k

45. Morphemes are combined to create words that represent complex ideas
I.E. PRE-EXIST

46. WORDS ARE COMBINED INTO SENTANCES GOVERNED BY RULES CALLED GRAMMAR
Grammar has two components:
1. syntax
2. Semantics

47. SYNTAX
Rules that govern how we combine words into meaningful sentences and phrases

48. SEMANTICS
DESCRIBES HOW WE ASSIGN MEANING TO MORPHEMES, WORDS AND SENTENCES

49. transformations
Knowing the relationships between words of sentences (surface structure) and its underlying meaning

50. According to Chomsky to communicate an idea you must do the following:
1. develop a thought
2. choose words
3. produce sounds

51. How Does Language Develop?
There are three theories:
Learning theory approach
Nativist approach
Interactionist approach .

52. Process of Language Development
Echolalic
Language perception – differentiating sounds to distinguish behaviors
Meaning – understanding the relationship between a word and an action
Integration of language and thought - holophrastic

53. CONT. Language Specificity – One word at a time Two word sentences
Grammatical transformations and three word sentences

54. Does Language Influence Thinking or Thinking Influence Language?
The Whorfian hypothesis says that language precedes thought.
Piaget says thought precedes language.

55. Intelligence
What is this? .

56. Sir Francis Galton Believed wealthy were more intelligent
Founded eugenics movement .

57. Alfred Binet Was commissioned to study why some children were capable of benefiting from classroom instruction and others were not.

58. Determine a Child’s Mental Age.
To do this they developed questions relative to reasoning and problem solving. .

59. It Was Binet’s Intention to Use These Tests to Improve the Child’s Learning Environment.

60. Binet had two fears relative to his test.
1. it would limit educational opportunities
2. it would make people incapable of learning.

61. Goddard was a disciple of Galton’s eugenics movement.

62. Gave test to newly arrived immigrants at Ellis Island

63. Stanford University Professor Lewis Terman Decided to Utilize Binet’s Test.
the Stanford-Binet

64. William Stern Derived the Famous Intelligence Quotient or IQ.
Ma/ca * 100.

65. IQ’S prove to be problematic in measuring adult intelligence.

66. Intelligence tests no longer use IQ.
It has been replaced by a deviation IQ.

67. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale Created by David Wechsler

68. Wechsler's designed three separate tests for:
Preschoolers
Adults
Children

69. Aptitude and Achievement tests
Aptitude tests measure a person’s capacity to learn
Achievement tests measure past learning.

70. Is intelligence one ability or several distinct abilities?

71. a general intelligence underlying most mental abilities
Louis Thurston

72. The Two Current Theories :
Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
Robert Sternburg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

73. Gardner’s Theory Of Multiple Intelligences

74. They Are: Linguistic Musical Mathematical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic

75. Support for Gardner’s theory
Brain damage may impair one mental ability It’s rare to find a renaissance man
Prodigies master only one skill
Savants demonstrate one exceptional skill

76. Sternburg’s TriarchicTheory of Intelligence
He Identified intelligence From Three Different Perspectives

77. They Are:
Analytical (componential) – the ability to solve academic problems and judge ideas
Creative (experiential) – insight, creativity, inventiveness
Practical (contextual) – practical knowledge, street smarts

78. Can intelligence be used to predict behavior?

79. In Certain Situations General Intelligence Can Predict Certain Things

80. They do measure the ability to take tests

81. Intelligence tests tests are also culturally biased

82. Is there a relationship between intelligence scores and success
IQ’S SIMPLY CONTRIBUTE TO SUCCESS, THEY DON’T CAUSE IT

83. Intelligence correlates to academic achievement because:
Both require the following:
Motivation
Attention
Perseverance
Test taking ability

84. Is intelligence learned or inherited?
Identical twins raised in different families have similar intelligence scores
Also, adopted children have intelligence scores more similar to their biological mothers

85. ENVIRONMENT
Many believe that genes are just a starting point I

86. Intervention programs: can we boost intelligence?

87. Milwaukee project of 1961
Could intervention in a child’s family life improve economic and social deprivation?

88. Women were split into two groups

89. This study prompted J. Vicker Hunts study on intelligence and experience

90. Head start has shown to improve cognitive skills in children

91. Three Things to Keep in Mind About Intelligence Tests:
Their concern is to enable schools who might best benefit from early intervention.
Should not be used as absolute measures.
Only reflect one aspect of a person