1. Unit 11 Key Figures

2. Charles Spearman (1863-1945) Believed we have ONE general intelligence – g Had helped develop factor analysis, statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items Noted those who have high scores in one area often are higher than average in other areas A common skill set, the g factor, underlies all our intelligence

3. Howard Gardner Views intelligence as multiple abilities that comes in packages Studies people with diminished or exceptional abilities 8 Multiple Intelligences – questions from Table 11.1 on page 526 General Intelligence score is like an overall rating of a city – tells you something, but doesn’t give you much specific information – multiple intelligences do

4. Robert Sternberg Agrees with Gardner about multiple intelligences, but proposes a triarchic theory of three, not eight, intelligences Page 527 – Analytical (academic problem- solving) intelligence – assessed by intelligence test; Creative intelligence – reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas; practical intelligence (managerial success)

5. Alfred Binet (1857 – 1911) and Theodore Simon Commissioned by France to study how to identify and help children that were behind the normal development Goal was to identify each child’s “mental age” - level of performance associated with a certain chronological age Binet believed in “mental orthopedics” – would train them to develop their attention span and self-discipline – did not want to “label” children, but find ones who needed “special attention”

6. Lewis Terman Stanford University Professor Adapted Binet’s test for Americans; called it Stanford-Binet Supported eugenics movement – proposed measuring human traits and using the result to encourage only smart and fit people to reproduce Led to 1924 immigration law that reduced Southern and Eastern Europe immigration quotas to less than 1/5 of those for Northern and Western Europe

7. William Stern German psychologist derived the famous intelligence quotient, or IQ. – IQ = mental age X 100 chronological age

8. David Wechsler Created Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) WISC – Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Most widely used intelligence test today Felt Stanford – Binet biased against English speakers 11 subtests broken up into verbal and performance areas – yields overall score like Stanford – Binet, but also separate scores for more specific areas (memory, perceptual speed, comprehension)