1. Ancient China

2. Geography of China
Like India, China is somewhat isolated by natural barriers, though they weren’t as protected
Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the East
Taklimakan Desert and Tibetan Plateau to the West
Mongolian Plateau and Gobi Desert to the North
Himalayas to the Southwest
4000 B.C. People settle along the Huang He (north) and Yangtze rivers(south)
North China Plain – center of Civilization – is located between the rivers
The Huang He river leaves Loess – fertile soil – but it also causes a lot of flooding – nicknamed “China’s Sorrow” (whole villages can be submerged

3. First Dynasties
2,000 B.C. – Xia Dynasty forms – China’s first dynasty
Learn to Control the Huang He River
Legendary “Yellow Emperor” Yu the Great engineered a dam for the Huang He River that saved the homes of Chinese citizens
He worked with an equally famous agricultural master Houji to create the dam and irrigation ducts
Said to have eaten and slept with the workers and had callused hands because of the work
Created a capital in Anyi – Thought of as a great and just ruler
1700 – 1027 B.C. – Shang Dynasty emerged and claimed power in Northern China
First to Leave written records – mostly on shell and bone (oracle bones)
Moved downward and overthrew the last Xia emperor; practiced dynastic control in earnest
Established a new capital at Anyang – ruled for several centuries
The city was almost entirely made of wood – high class nobles lived in fine houses of timber while peasants lived in houses of clay and straw.
Also surrounded their cities with walls for protection and imported the chariot from Western Asia for war

5. Culture and Family
In the Chinese view, people who lived outside of their society were barbarians, called themselves the Middle Kingdom because they thought they were the center of the civilized world
People valued the group more than the individual and paid respect/homage to the ruler of the Middle Kingdom (even if he wasn’t a great ruler, you had to honor him)
Family is one of the most important institutions in China
People make decisions based on what’s good for the family instead of what they want individually
Oldest male controls family property
Women have to obey men; fathers, uncles, husbands and later their sons
Between the ages of 13 – 16, girls were being betrothed /getting ready for marriage – then she would move into her husband’s house when married
Women cannot own property, manage businesses, etc.
Only by bearing sons could she cement her status as a valuable wife who did her duty
Its going to also be hard/rare for noble women to achieve any form of freedom as well

6. Religious Beliefs
Early Chinese worship their ancestors through offerings and prayers
Believed that spirits become like supernatural beings like gods that can protect or guide the living
More respect was given to the father’s ancestors in the family
There was a Believed in “gods” - more like supernatural spirits – had limited interaction with the world
The Shang believed in one major god, Shang Di, and several lesser gods
Later on, Shangdi became an equivalent for a Heaven-like space (Han Dynasty)
Oracle Bones used to communicate with gods /ancestors(reveal the future)
Priests would scratch questions on the bones, stick a hot poker to them and watch them crack – the cracks would be interpreted for answers

7. Shangdi – “Heaven”

8. Myth 1: “Nuwa and Restoring the Pillars – Humans”
Myth 2: “Pangu” (Earth – Ying, Sky – Yang)

9. Writing Writing system uses symbols to represent syllables
People of different languages can use same system
Huge number of characters make system difficult to learn – thousands of characters exist/ different languages have different characters/pronunciations

10. Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle
1027 B.C. – Zhou took power from Shang and took over China
Shang had been spread too thin and there had been numerous problems plaguing them during their last years
Used the Mandate of Heaven – Claim that ruler had divine authority to rule
Justified the Zhou in taking power from the Shang – were weak, so a new/stronger family should take charge
A just ruler has divine approval to take power – a wicked or foolish king could lose approval and the right to rule
In other words, taking power is fair game to anyone strong enough for it
Dynastic Cycle – Pattern of the rise and fall of dynasties
Zhou enforced the concept of dynasties, laid foundations for how future dynasties would rule/administer china

11. Chapter 1-2 Test Review