1. Mrs. Ragsdale
Bio SL

2. All living things have the same basic chemical elements:
Carbon - C
Oxygen - O
Hydrogen - H
Nitrogen - N

3. Sulphur - Necessary for amino acids
Calcium – Building bones, teeth, heart health
Iron – Found in hemoglobin (in animals)
Sodium – Used in nerve impulses
Phosphorus – Needed for cell membrane and structures

4. Polar Molecules – an unequal pulling in covalent bonds
Creates positive and negative “poles”
Nonpolar Molecules – equal pulling
100% neutral charge all the way around

6. Covalent bonds are between nonmetals
Oxygen is bigger and stingier than Hydrogen
The electron pair is closer to oxygen than hydrogen
Creates a slightly negative oxygen dipole and a slightly positive hydrogen dipole

8. The small positive charge is highly attracted to the small negative charge
One molecule becomes bonded to another molecule because of this slight attraction
We call this Hydrogen Bonding

10. Hydrogen bonding does NOT change the chemical properties of the individual water molecules
However!!!
It explains why water has such unique and amazing physical properties

11. Cohesion – water’s ability for its molecules to “stick together”
Allows for just enough structural strength to allow certain insects to glide
Makes it possible for plants to transport water through their tissues (transpiration)

12. Solvent Properties – Water has the ability to dissolve countless substances because of its polarity.
Water is the medium for almost all metabolic reactions
Because so many things can be dissolved in water, it acts as a transport medium for almost all living organisms.

13. Thermal Properties
Heat Capacity – it requires a large amount of energy to raise its temperature because the hydrogen bonds must be broken
Boiling Point – 100⁰C (again really high because of the hydrogen bonds)
Coolant – When water evaporates, it pulls heat from its surroundings to go from liquid to gas.

14. Oceans, lakes and ponds have fairly stable temperature (since it can absorb a lot of heat without a temperature change) which means that poikilothermic organisms need not waste energy on thermoregulation. Surrounding air temperatures may show marked changes but water in the same vicinity will remain relatively stable.

15. Mrs. Ragsdale
Biology SL

16. Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds Carbon based
Found in all living things
Exceptions: hydrogen carbonate (HCO3- ), carbon dioxide (CO2 )and carbon monoxide (CO)
Inorganic Compounds
By default, anything that is not organic

17. Macromolecules – macro “big” molecules Monomers – the building blocks
Polymers – the completed structure
Polymerization – when you have a large structure that is made up of small building blocks
Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids

18. Monosaccharide Sugars
Amino Acids
Fatty Acids

19. Glucose: C6H12O6 (6 Carbon Sugar)
Product of photosynthesis

20. Ribose – 5 carbon sugar
Modified version of ribose is deoxyribose

21. Type of Saccharide
Names:
Monosaccharide
Glucose, galactose, fructose
Disaccharide
Maltose, lactose, sucrose
Polysaccharide
Starch, glycogen, cellulose

22. Name
(Animal – A, Plant – P)
Type of Saccharide
Function
Glucose (A)
Mono
Respiratory substrate
(cellular respiration)
Fructose (P)
Common sugar found in fruit
Lactose (A) Di
Common sugar found in milk
Sucrose (P)
Highly soluble, Metabolically inactive
Glycogen (A)
Poly
Energy storage, polymer of glucose
Cellulose (P)
Insoluble structural fibers in plants

23. Monomers of Proteins
Consist of nitrogen, carboxylic acid and an “R” group
R group is what makes each of the 20 amino acids unique

25. Made up of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated – every possible place where a C molecule can bond is filled with a Hydrogen
All single bonds
Straight chains
Unsaturated – there are places where C=C double bonds form
Bent chains

28. More easily digested so quicker form of energy storage
Carbohydrates
Lipids
4cal / g
9cal / g
More easily digested so quicker form of energy storage
Lighter energy source for the same amount of energy
Soluble in water so easy to store and transport
Insoluble in water – do not cause problems with osmosis in water
Require more oxygen / molecule metabolized
Can only be used at lower levels of energy demand (In other words you tend to burn carbs and protein before fats)

29. Polymerization – putting together individual monomers to make polymers
Condensation – Two molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule by removing water
Two proteins ->dipeptide. Three proteins -> polypeptide.
Monosaccharides -> Disaccharides -> Polysaccharides
Two lipids -> glyceride. Three lipids -> triglyceride.

31. Lysis – to break
Breaking down large molecules by adding water

33. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lITtMESI8I &feature=relatedaU
MtM&NR=1