1. The Cold War

2. The End of WWII AFTERMATH…
30 million people were dead compared to 10 million in WW1
41,000 Canadian casualties compared to 60,000 in WW1
The RCN had increased substantially to the 3rd largest Navy in the World
The League of Nations was replaced by the United Nations (U.N.)
The end of the war saw the beginning of an uneasy peace in the World and the beginning of the Cold War ( )
Most Eastern European countries were swallowed up by Russia and formed part of the Soviet Bloc of communist countries
Germany was split in two – Western Germany and Eastern (communist) Germany

3. Canada in 1945
Income taxes increased substantially to help pay for the war
Canada inherited a 2.7 billion dollar debt
Canada contributed millions of dollars to help rebuild Europe (Marshall Plan)
On the world front, Canada was emerging as a significant ‘middle-power’
We had gained global respect for our efforts in the war
Canada’s ties to the U.S. were strengthened as a result of WW2
The Marshall Plan, 1947 : Massive aid program to halt the growth of communism . Based on belief that poorer nations were more susceptible to turning to communism . Canada sent $706 million in aid

4. The United Nations
“We the peoples of the United Nations, determine to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind … do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.”
An international organization founded in 1945
In 1945 there were 50 member nations (192 now)
Purpose – to prevent disputes between countries and initiate dialogue (replaced the League of Nations established after WWI)
Other Aims – create cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights

5. Yalta and Potsdam

6. YALTA (in the USSR)
Date: Feb 1945
Present: Churchill,
Roosevelt and Stalin

7. Yalta Conference
The February 1945 Yalta Conference was the second wartime meeting of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
During the conference, the three leaders agreed to demand Germany’s unconditional surrender and began plans for a post-war world.
Stalin also agreed to permit free elections in Eastern Europe and to enter the Asian war against Japan

8. POTSDAM (Germany)
Date: July 1945
Present: Churchill,
Truman and Stalin

9. Potsdam Conference Potsdam July 1945
Potsdam was the last of the World War II meetings held by the “Big Three” heads of state. Featuring American President Harry S. Truman, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (and his successor, Clement Attlee) and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin
The leaders arrived at various agreements on the German economy, punishment for war criminals, land boundaries and reparations
Following victory, the allies could not agree over the spoils of war.
The U.S. wanted to establish democracy in war torn Europe, while the U.S.S.R. hoped for communism.
They agreed to occupy Germany with the Allied Control Council. The Soviets had 2.5 million troops in Eastern Europe.
Potsdam July 1945

10. The Fate of Germany
Berlin, Germany – divided among allied powers – France, Soviet Union, U.S. and Britain (a problem because in Soviet zone)
Germany also divided into 4 zones – U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France

11. Superpower
Superpower= A powerful and influential nation, especially a nuclear power that dominates its allies or client states in an international power bloc.
a country that has a say in every corner of the globe and without whose say nothing truly substantial can be achieved in any such corner.”- Andrei Gromyko
If the United States and Soviet Union are considered to be “superpowers”, what do you think “middle power” means?

12. Middle Power
Middlepower= states that are not superpowers or great powers, but still have larger or moderate influence and international recognition.

13. So what was The Cold War then?
This term is used to describe the relationship between America and the Soviet Union 1945 to Neither side ever fought the other - the consequences would be too appalling
HOT War
Actual conflict between countries that are at war
For example, the First World War
Cold War
Conflict between countries that did not involve actual battles between the two countries
However, there were a number of conflicts because of the Cold War
○ Korean War ( )
○ Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
○ Vietnam War ( )
Nuclear arms race

14. Causes of The Cold War Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech
1.  Long history of mutual suspicion since the Russian Revolution.
2.  Disputes during World War II over a Second Front.
3.  Russia’s late Entry into the war against Japan
4.  US drops nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
5.  West’s Nuclear Monopoly
6.  Administration of Occupied Germany
7.  Creating Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe liberated from the Nazis by the Red Army
8.  Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech (March 5, 1946)
Major point: The USSR lost around 20 million people in WW2 (GB lost around 370,000 and the USA lost 297,000 people)
Stalin was determined to make the USSR secure in the future

15. Cold War Definitions
Communism and Capitalism= economic systems Soviet Union: communist Authoritarianism (political system) Emphasis on the collective- share the wealth USA: capitalism (free market) Democratic (political system) Emphasis on the individual- rights and freedoms

16. Communism
Communism

18. The Iron Curtain
The term iron curtain was coined by Sir Winston Churchill in a 1946 speech. It referred to the geographical and political boundary between Soviet-controlled countries in Eastern Europe and Western Europe
Iron Curtain – meant blocked free movement of information, products, people between Western and Eastern Europe
The result: a divided postwar world with countries aligning with or sympathetic to one of two superpowers i) USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) ii) USA

19. A preserved part of The Iron Curtain in Czech Republic

21. Allies occupy Germany, rebuild it, and model it after their governments
France, England, USA get the west
Soviet Union gets the east
Berlin was the key city and was divided into two (west & east)

22. The Berlin Wall 1961-1989 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=naqS-BlpfU4
West side was prosperous: people enjoyed rights & freedoms & western lifestyle
East side spent little money on infrastructure and people lived meagre lives under communism