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2. Note to Instructor (Continued): Media-Rich Assets
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3. Note to Instructor (Continued):
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4. Note to Instructor (Continued):
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5. Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 11:
Motivation and Emotion
Siri Carpenter, Yale University
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

6. Lecture Overview Theories and Concepts of Motivation Motivation and
Behavior
of Emotion
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7. Important Definition
Motivation: set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward
some goal
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8. Theories and Concepts of Motivation: (Major Theories of Motivation)
Biological Theories:
Instinct--inborn, unlearned behaviors universal to species explain motivation
Drive-Reduction--internal tensions “push” toward satisfying basic needs
Arousal--motivated toward optimal level of arousal
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9. Drive-Reduction Theory
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10. Arousal Theory
People seek an optimal level of arousal that maximizes their performance.
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11. Theories and Concepts of Motivation: (Major Theories of Motivation Cont.)
Psychosocial Theories:
Incentive—motivation results from the “pull” of external environmental stimuli
Cognitive—motivation affected by attributions and expectations
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12. Theories and Concepts of Motivation: (Major Theories of Motivation Cont.)
Biopsychosocial Theory:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: interaction of biological, psychological, and social needs; lower motives (physiological and safety) must be met before higher needs (belonging, self-esteem)
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13. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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14. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review
Eating to reduce hunger is a good example of the _____ theory of motivation.
The _____ theory of motivation explains why we might eat a slice of pumpkin pie after consuming a heavy holiday dinner.
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15. Motivation and Behavior— Hunger and Eating
The rat on the left had the ventromedial area of its hypothalamus destroyed.
Biological factors: stomach, biochemistry, the brain
Note the size difference in these rats.
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16. Motivation and Behavior— Hunger and Eating
Psychological factors: visual cues, cultural conditioning
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17. Hunger and Eating--Eating Disorders
Obesity appears to result from numerous biological and psychosocial factors.
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are both characterized by an overwhelming fear of becoming obese and explained by multiple biological and psychosocial factors.
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18. Hunger and Eating--Eating Disorders
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19. Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking
Now that you have a better understanding of the motivational factors behind hunger and eating, how can this information be helpful in maintaining a healthy weight?
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20. Motivation and Behavior—Achievement
Characteristics of a high need for achievement (nAch):
Prefers moderately difficult tasks
Competitive
Prefers clear goals with competent feedback
Prefers responsibility
Persistent
More accomplished
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21. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review
Briefly explain how anorexia nervosa differs from bulimia nervosa.
What are the chief identifying characteristics of people with a high need for achievement (nAch)?
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22. Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality
Masters and Johnson’s Sexual Response Cycle
Excitement Phase: increasing levels of arousal and engorgement
Plateau Phase: leveling off of high arousal
Orgasm Phase: pleasurable release of tension
Resolution Phase: return to nonaroused state
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23. Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality (Continued)
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24. Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality (Continued)
Sexual Orientation: primary erotic attraction toward members of same sex (homosexual, gay, or lesbian), both sexes (bisexual), or other sex (heterosexual)
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25. Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality (Continued)
Current Research on Homosexuality:
Genetics--twin studies suggest hereditary influence on sexual orientation
Prenatal hormones--affect fetal brain development and sexual orientation
Note: Ultimate causes of sexual orientation unknown, but genetics and biology are believed to play dominant roles.
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26. Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality (Continued)
Sexual Prejudice: negative attitudes toward an individual because of her of his sexual orientation
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27. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion
Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation extrinsic rewards may lower interest and motivation.
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28. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion—Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic
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29. Theories and Concepts of Emotion
Emotion: subjective feeling including arousal, cognitions, and expressions
Three Components of Emotion
Physiological--arousal comes from brain (particularly the limbic system) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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30. Physiological Component and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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31. Theories and Concepts of Emotion
Three Components of Emotion (Continued)
Cognitive--thoughts, values and expectations
Behavioral--expressions, gestures, and body positions
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32. Theories and Concepts of Emotion
Can you identify the social smile versus the genuine, “Duchenne” smile? Real smiles involve muscles around both the eyes and cheeks.
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33. Theories and Concepts of Emotion— Four Theories of Emotion
James-Lange: emotions occur after arousal
Cannon-Bard: arousal and emotion occur simultaneously
Facial-Feedback: facial movements elicit arousal and specific emotions
Schachter’s Two-Factor: arousal leads to search for label and then emotion occurs
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34. Theories and Concepts of Emotion: Overview of Four Theories of Emotion
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35. Can You Explain Why Pleasant Feelings Increase When Teeth Show?
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36. What Theory of Emotion is Portrayed in this Figure?
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37. Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology?
An understanding of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation can help you restructure your home, family, work, and college environment to maximize intrinsic rewards, which will increase your enjoyment and persistence in important tasks.
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38. Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions
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39. Culture, Evolution, and Emotion
Cultural similarities and differences: 7 to10 culturally universal emotions, but each culture has its own display rules governing how, when, and where to express emotions
Role of evolution: strong biological, evolutionary basis for emotional expression and decoding
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40. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion— The Polygraph
Polygraph: measures changes in emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness
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41. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion- The Polygraph
The subject’s response on the GSR does rise in response to the second question. But remember that error rates on the polygraph range from 25% to 75%.
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42. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review
According to the _____ theory of emotions, we see a bear, our hearts race, and we run for cover. Then we feel afraid.
The _____ primarily measures arousal and the physiological component of emotions.
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43. Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
End of Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion
Siri Carpenter, Yale University
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology