1. Scramble for Africa 4 Reasons:
To get natural resources
“White Man’s Burden” – racist view that it was the European’s job to civilize the Africans
Nationalism – Europeans raced to gain territories to prove their strength
Spread Christianity
Berlin Conference – following the initial “scramble”, European powers met to discuss how to divide up Africa. Africans were not invited to the conference.
Imperialism – when a stronger nation controls a weaker nation socially, economically, and politically

2. African Nationalism
Pan-Africanism = Africans would recognize their common history and heritage, and come together for a common cause- “Africa for Africans” (get rid of European rule, unite against European influence)
Early African nationalists received western education.
Leaned about the French Revolution
Learned about the American Revolution

3. Nationalist Leaders Jomo Kenyatta Kwame Nkhrumah
Help Kenya gain independence
Non-violent tactics
Kwame Nkhrumah
Helped Ghana gain independence

4. Boer Wars (South Africa)
Zulus were native people of South Africa
Boers were the Dutch farmers – first Europeans to settle South Africa
Settled in the transvaal – fertile land
Diamonds and gold were discovered
British had abolished slavery; Boers relied on slavery
British fought Boers for control of South Africa
British gained control of South Africa

5. Apartheid
Defined – South African policy of separateness (legal separation of whites and blacks in South Africa)
Whites minority held all the political power and wealth
Black majority held no political power, carried passes, lived in the homelands/shantytowns, received limited education, and were poor.
ANC – African National Congress. Fought against apartheid, and for equality for blacks
UN implemented trade embargos: weapons and oil. Hurt the economy of South Africa.

6. Apartheid/Post -Apartheid
Mandela
Leader of the ANC (African National Congress)
Initially, used non-violent tactics to fight apartheid
After little success, he used more violent tactics
Jailed, sentenced life imprisonment, served 27 yrs.
1994, released by DeKlerk
Elected president of South Africa
Shared Noble Peace Prize w DeKlerk
DeKlerk
(white) president 1980’s early ’90’s.
Freed political prisoners (including Nelson Mandela)
New constitution providing more rights for blacks
Shared Nobel Peace Prize with Mandela
Tutu
Disagreed with the inferior school system the government set up for blacks
Spoke out against apartheid
Encouraged economic boycott
Priest, archbishop
Led the Truth and Reconciliation Committee