1. Africa

2. Early African General Geography
Plateau: Africa shaped like an upside down bowl
Rivers: Nile, Congo, Niger all blocked by rapids and hard to travel upstream (isolation and lack of trade)
Deserts
Sahara Desert: Covers one-fourth of Africa (North)
Kalahari and Namib Deserts (South)
Savannas: Dry grasslands south of the Sahara desert and north of Kalahari and Namib Deserts
Tropical Rainforest: Center of Africa (equator)
Mountains: Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya

5. Early Africa Language Trade Society Religion
Bantu: Early African Language….appeared to have spread over a lot of Sub Saharan Africa
Trade
Early peoples appear to have had some interactions with Asia
Society
Matrilineal: Ancestors and property traced back through their mothers instead of fathers
Religion
Similar to other areas…gods and spirits based on nature

7. Ancient Egypt Egyptian Geography Egyptian Development
Nile River: Where the first Civilizations began..predicatable flooding was a positive for development of Egypt
Sahara Desert: Made invasion impossible
Egyptian Development
Hieroglyphics: Writing
Papyrus: Plant that was made into early paper
Rosetta Stone: Found by French…helped us learn more about ancient Egypt

9. Ancient Egypt Leaders/Rulers Kingdoms Famous Pharaohs
Dynasty: Family of rulers
Pharaoh: Absolute power…both religious and political
Kingdoms
Old (2680 BC-2180 BC): Built Pyramids/Sphinx
Middle ( BC): Invaded by foreigners
New (1570 BC-1080 BC): Strongest Empire
Famous Pharaohs
Hatshepsut: 1st Female Pharaoh
Thutmose III: King Tut…one of few tombs found intact
Amenhotep IV: Polytheistic to Monotheistic (failed)
Ramses II: Last great Pharaoh..eventually Egyptians lost their freedoms when invaded by Persians in 300 BC

13. Ancient Egypt Ancient Society Religion Trade Calendar and # System
Gods based of nature
Mummification: Process to prepare the body for life after death. Tomb of Pharaohs would be filled with valuables to take with them to afterlife
Trade
Caravans: groups of people traveling together and trading together (safety)

16. Kush/Aksum
Kush
Important area for trade, located in present day Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt
Back and forth relationship with Egypt (1500 BC-200 AD)
Aksum
Located in present day Ethiopia, neighbor and rival of Kush
Empire began to grow around 100 AD and became very powerful …peak of power between AD.
King Ezana: Powerful; converted empire to Christianity. Impact still felt today in the area.
Declined started in 600 AD because of erosion of land and Islamic invaders that hurt Aksum’s control on trade

18. East Africa Trade Trade Swahili Great Zimbabwe
There were no real large kingdoms in the lands located along the Indian Ocean.
More small villages that were centered on trade.
Traded gold, ivory, hides and fellow African slaves.
A lot of interactions with Muslims from Arabia and Persia
Swahili
African culture that developed in Eastern Africa
Language that combine Bantu with Persian and Arabic
Became popular up and down the east coast of Africa
Mogadishu and Kilwa became important trade cities
Great Zimbabwe
Shona: people who migrated to the area by the Zambezi River (where gold was mined)
Grew very powerful then had a rapid decline due to overpopulation (1400s)

21. West Africa Trade Ghana
Salt for gold trade was important along South Sahara
Empires began to grow around this area
Ghana
Earliest empire of West Africa (300 AD)
Tunka Manin: Ghanaian ruler at the peak of power (1067 AD).
Huge Army: 200,000 warriors, bows/arrows/spears
Destroyed when the Berbers invaded across the area in 1100 AD.
Berbers carried Islam across North Africa

22. West Africa Mali Songhai
Neighbors of Ghana; gained control of area in 1235 AD
Mansa Musa: Leader of Mali during its peak of power
Timbuktu: Became the leading city of Mali; educational and trade center.
Songhai
Sonni Ali captured Timbuktu after Musa’s death, created a new empire called the Songhai.
Gao and Timbuktu became main trading centers for people from Europe, India, and China.
Eventually defeated by an army from Morocco that had a new weapon…guns.

25. European Involvement Slave Trade West Africa Slave Trade
Portugal began with a positive relationship with African tribes…then they became greedy and wanted gold and slaves.
Dutch, English and French would all get involved by the 1600s.
Middle Passage: Trip the slaves made from Africa to America’s…awful. Part of Triangular Trade. Slaves would be sold in return for “New World” goods headed to Europe and Africa.
Over 10 million slaves survived the journey to the Americas.
West Africa Slave Trade
Strong states began to emerge in West Africa as partners in the slave trade.
Slavery of other people was a popular practice in Africa (although freedom was often times granted and not considered property)
Problem: Over time, the loss of so many people had awful effects on the development of the area.

29. 1800s: Europeans in North Africa
France
Became interested in Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco
Great Britain
Wanted to control Egypt
Italy
Wanted to control Libya
Spain
Also interested in parts of Morocco.

32. 1800s: Suez Canal Suez Canal
French company began building this canal to connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
Egyptian leaders were falling into debt, decided to sell there share of the canal to the British.
Eventually GB was the majority share holder of the canal..so they controlled it.
Egyptian’s began to protest this lack of control over the canal….eventually led to rebellions that the British stopped.
GB would basically control Egypt until after WWII when Nasser took control of the canal and kicked out the British

35. 1800s: Sudan Sudan GB and French Involvement
Had been under the control of Egypt before European involvement.
GB wanted to create a dam on the Nile River and the French wanted to add Sudan to their empire.
Sudan revolted in 1881…led by Muhammad Ahmad, a Muslim leader…eventually gained control of entire country.
GB and French Involvement
GB did not like this, they defeated Ahmad in 1898.
France wanted to control the area as well.
Fashoda: Area where both French and British forces met..eventually the French backed down, leaving GB in control of the area.

36. 1800s: Sub Saharan West Africa
End of Slave Trade
Area had once been dominated by slave trade. By the 1800s, most European countries had stopped trading slaves.
Other items became popular to trade (oils, feathers, ivory, etc)
European Interests
France: Won Senegal by defeating Samory Toure
Great Britain: Won control of the Gold Coast..main county was Ghana
United States Involvement
Created and defended Liberia; a county for freed American slaves to return to.
Only independent country in the area.

38. 1800s: Central Africa Cause of European Interest Belgium Interest
Henry Stanley: Journalist, looking for Dr. Livingstone (1871)
Impressed with Central Africa, tried to convince GB and others to invest and develop the region
Belgium Interest
King Leopold II: created a personal colony of around 900,000 square miles (Present day Congo)
Leopold eventually gave the colony to the Belgian government, where the area became known as Belgian Congo (1900s)
Leopold took almost all the natural rubber and sold the native people as slaves….imperialism at its worst

42. 1800s: East Africa European Countries:
Divided up the land, very similar to what had happened in Western Africa.
Famine and a disease that killed the native cattle led to many native’s starving to death
They were too weak to defend themselves from the Europeans

43. 1800s: South Africa Great Britain and Dutch Interests
Boers: Decedents of the original Dutch settlers living in South Africa…had created 3 colonies
Boers left the area when the British arrived in the late 1800s.
Zulu’s: Native tribe that was a rival of the Boers. Zulu’s were eventually defeated by British.
European Interest in Gold and Silver
Germany became very interested in Southern Africa once Gold and Silver were found.
Cecil Rhodes: British businessman that gained control of a vast area…monopoly on diamond production.
Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) was created by Cecil Rhodes.

48. 1800s: South Africa Boer War South Africa
Boer’s did not allow Rhodes/GB to expand diamond production into the Transvaal (area where Boers had moved)
GB eventually defeated the Boers in 1899 and gained control of more land to mine.
South Africa
GB eventually allowed for all 3 parts of former Boer colonies to unite together…formed the country of South Africa. (1910)
New constitution made it almost impossible for non-whites to have any sort of rights.
This would lead to apartheid…which Nelson Mandela fought so hard to end (late 1900s)

50. 1800s: Effects of European Imperialism
Bad Effects
Europeans controlled all aspects of government
Paternalism: Belief that African’s were not able to effectively rule themselves.
Alliances: Some Africans tried to form alliances with European countries…usually this worked out bad for the African countries (Ethiopia and Italy)
Most Africans never accepted European rule and culture. Europeans wanted them to assimilate. Did not happen.
Good Effects
New things: crops, ways of farming, roads, and railroads all helped improve communications.

52. Independence Time Post WWI Egypt
After WWI a lot of British colonies began demanding self-rule.
Egypt
Wafd Party: Nationalist movement that developed in Egypt after WWI. Quickly put down by the British in 1919.
By 1922, GB decided let Egypt become independent but still left troops there to control the Suez Canal and Sudan.
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty: Gave Egypt greater independence as WWII was looming. Basically they had each others back.
As time went on, many Egyptians wanted GB to completely leave the country.

53. More Calls for Independence
Issues
Africans had helped GB/France during WWI…now they wanted freedom.
Soldiers returning from war had new ideas on nationalism, independence, racism, etc
African Organizations
By the 1930’s most Africans were calling for independence rather than reform.
This made European countries and tribal chiefs upset
Leaders
Nnamdi Azikiwe (Nigeria), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) and Leopold Senghor (Senegal).
This leaders followed the non-violent teachings of Gandhi to gain support for independence

55. African during WWII Italy/Ethiopia Fighting in Africa
Ethiopia: one of the few independent countries in Africa during the 1930s.
Mussolini: Leader of Italy, invaded a defeated Ethiopia in 1935.
Ethiopia had asked for help, no one helped them.
Fighting in Africa
Germany, led by commander Erwin Rommel had taken control of Libya. Tank warfare
Eventually Axis forces were defeated by Americans/British forces in 1942…forced to retreat back to Tunisia.
Eventually Dwight Eisenhower (USA) and Bernard Montgomery (GB) were able to trap Rommel’s troops in Tunisia.
Allies gained complete control of Northern Africa and Suez Canal

58. Back to more independence
Independence Movement
Grew tremendously after WWII. Most Africans no longer accepted being under the control of European Countries
Pan Africanism: Cultural unity of people of African heritage in their struggle for freedom.
Europe’s Response
Not all European countries were so eager to give up their lands in Africa

60. British Colonies in Africa
Ghana
Kwame Nkrumah (en-KROO-muh) was the leader and began to organize political change.
Boycotts turned into riots…eventually stopped by GB
Convention Peoples Party (CPP): Founded by Nkrumah and was determined to get immediate self-government
In 1957, the Gold Coast was given its freedom from Great Britain….renamed Ghana to celebrate African heritage
Kenya
Countries with more white settlers (like Kenya) were more against giving African’s any sort of self rule.
Arguments over who would control the wealthy land that coffee was grown on (whites had control of it).
This led to a bloody conflict between the Kikuyu (Kenya’s largest ethnic group) and the whites/Africans that were loyal to GB.
Jomo Kenyatta: Leader of the Mau Mau (secret Kikuyu group) was imprisoned..eventually freed in 1961.
Kenyatta easily won election in 1964…Kenya was free

62. Post Independence Africa
Ghana and Political Violence
Kwame Nkrumah: Leader of Ghana…took control of cocoa (very profitable, made a ton of money and power)
Turned Ghana into a one-party state and had absolute power.
Cocoa prices fell, Ghana lost money and Nkrumah turned violent towards his own people.
Military Coup (takeover) forced Nkrumah out of power
Jerry Rawlings: brought back civilian rule to Ghana
Transition was not an easy thing for people of Ghana but today Ghana is a stable democracy in West Africa

65. British Colonies in Africa
Central Africa
South Rhodesia: Large white population; granted self government during the 1920’s.
North Rhodesia and Nyasaland: Mostly black, governed by GB
GB attempted to unite all 3 of them…did not work.
Change
North Rhodesia became Zambia
Nyasaland became Malawi
South Rhodesia
South Rhodesia (mostly white) would not give up its control…led to civil unrest and fighting.
In 1980 Robert Mugabe won an election and made turned South Rhodesia into Zimbabwe

67. French Colonies Post WWII French Response (1958) Today
French Union: All the French colonies were united. They were also able to send representatives to French National Assembly in Paris.
Not really true independence….leaders like Leopold Senghor (Senegal), Felix Houphouet-Boigny (Ivory Coast) and Sekou Toure (Guinea) began to demand more change.
French Response (1958)
Charles de Gaulle (French President) gave colonies a choice: be apart of French Community (receive aid from France) or be independent (cut off all ties with France/aid)…
Guinea was the only one to cut ties…they became isolated and turned to the USSR for aid.
This freaked out France…let all the other countries have their independence in 1960.
Today
France is intervening in the Central African Republic

68. Belgian and Portuguese Colonies
Differences in Opinion
Both Belgium and Portugal did not want to give any self-rule to their African colonies….different than GB and France.
This led to more violence
Belgian Congo
Belgium did not want to give up great wealth in timber and mineral resources of Congo.
Congo was made up of many different regions/tribes
Began to unite during and after WWII.
Violent uprisings began in 1959…granted independence in Problem was that the Congo was made up of so many different groups of people.
Patrice Lumumba: Won the first election…all non African’s feared him and immediately left the country…caused Congo to go into Civil War.
Joseph Mobutu: Military leader who overthrew Lumumba and ran the country into the 1990s. Renamed to Zaire.
Today it is called the Democratic Republic of Congo

71. Belgian and Portuguese Colonies
Portugal
Would not give any sort of self government to its colonies
Response
African leaders in Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese West African and Portuguese East Africa all began to form liberation armies to fight against the Portuguese.
Wars ended when leaders of Portugal were overthrown in 1974…new leaders took Portugal out of Africa.
Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique all were created and all had problems.

72. Country of South Africa
Creation
Formed from two British and two Boer territories.
White ruled country and was mostly independent.
Segregation
Whites and non-whites were legally segregated. Country was made up of 75% non-whites and 25% whites.
Whites were the only ones allowed to govern the country and also owned most of the land.
By law non-whites could only hold low paying manual labor jobs.
Apartheid: Government policy that created segregation and economic exploitation in South Africa.

76. Country of South Africa
Protests against Apartheid
African National Congress (ANC): Started a non-violent protests of policies…violently stopped by the South African Government. (Sharpeville—60 protestors dead)
Nelson Mandela: Became a leader of the ANC…and was arrested in 1962, sentenced to life in prison for treason against the South African government.
South Africa withdrew all ties from GB at this time
Policies continued to get worse and worse…police even gunned down elementary age children protesting having to speak the same language.
By the 1980s…country was a mess with protest

79. Country of South Africa
Changes
F.W. de Klerk: elected President of South Africa in He lifted some of the apartheid laws and freed members of the ANC. (Mandela)
Violence continued among many different groups of people (blacks against blacks, whites against whites)
Nelson Mandela: Won the first all-race election in 1994…had many issues (poverty and AIDS).
Mandela just passed away last week

81. Post Independence Ethnic Violence
Why Ethnic Violence
Europeans had group people together that had no common heritage..would lead to internal fighting
Nigeria
By 1963, Nigeria was essentially divided into 4 separate areas (different groups lived in those areas)
Eastern portion of Nigeria tried to leave the country to form its own country called (Biafra).
Civil War followed, millions of Biafra’s died
Nigeria remained a whole country.
Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country and has one of the fastest growing/largest economies in Africa.

84. Post Independence Ethnic Violence
Rwanda, Burundi and Zaire
Rwanda and Burundi: Tensions began to grown between two groups (Tutsi’s and Hutu’s)
Tutsi’s had long been favored by the Europeans b/c they believed they had come from white decent.
Generally, there is very little difference between to the two groups.
A genocide in Rwanda resulted in the Hutu’s killing and raping between 800,000-1,000,000 Tutsi’s (20% of population). This was a result of Rwanda’s Hutu President’s plane being shot down.
Eventually the Tutsi’s turned the tide and were able to force out the Hutu’s (and kill) hundreds of thousands of them. Most of the refugees went to neighboring Zaire.

88. Post Independence Ethnic Violence
Continued Violence
The Rwandan Hutu refugee’s did not get along with the Tutsi’s that were native to Zaire.
Tutsi’s and other groups fought back against the Hutu refugees and the government of Zaire (led by Mobutu Sese Seko).
Eventually the Tutsi and anti-Mobutu forces won
Laurent Kabila was the new ruler and Zaire became the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The Democratic Republic of Congo has had tremendous violence towards women and others. Awful place today!
UN is now trying to keep the peace against the Hutu’s that live along the border between DRC and Rwanda

89. Problems Economic Problems Population and Environmental Problems
Limited Economies: Many African countries were dependent on 1 crop or industry.
Ghana (Cocoa), Nigeria (Oil), Zambia (Copper), Sudan (Cotton), DRC (Cobalt)
This has caused most African countries to really struggle financially….led to extreme poverty throughout a good majority of the continent.
Nigeria and South Africa are two of the economic success stories from Africa.
Population and Environmental Problems
Desertification: spread of the desert….aided by cutting down of trees.
Droughts have brought starvation to millions of people
AIDS and Ebola virus have killed millions as well

92. US and Soviet Involvement
Angola
Civil War that was aided on both sides by the United States and the USSR
Namibia
Became independent when Cuban forces withdrew from the country
Ethiopia
Overthrew emperor in 1974, turned to a Marxist form of government with the help of USSR. (liked them better than Somalia)
Somalia
Socialist government also supported by the USSR.
General Help
Both Somalia and Ethiopia called on foreign aid from both the USA and USSR during awful droughts during the 1980s

93. US and Soviet Involvement
Collapse of Soviet Union (1991)
Led to a collapse in governments in both Ethiopia and Somalia.
Somalia: Fell into an awful civil war. Foreign aid to the people of Somalia was denied…led to US involvement in
Other Current Issues
Arab Spring (Egypt, Libya) in
Benghazi Attacks
Genocide in the Sudan (Darfur)