1. Chapter 4 “Ancient Egypt & Kush” Geography and ancient Egypt
Term 2

2. Chapter Big Ideas
Section 1 “ Geography and Early Egypt”: the water and fertile soils of the Nile valley allowed a great civilization to develop in Egypt.
Section 2 : “ The Old Kingdom”: Egyptian Government and religion were closely connected during the old kingdom.
Section 3: “ The Middle and New Kingdoms”: during the Middle and New kingdoms, order and greatness were restored in Egypt.

3. Chapter 4: Section 1: Geography and Ancient Egypt The Gift of the Nile (p.86-89)

4. Main Ideas”
Egypt was called “ The Gift of the Nile” because the Nile River was very important.
Civilization developed after people began farming along the Nile.
Strong kings unified all of Egypt.

5. Agenda:
Warm up
Reading Section 1
Class notes
Active practice

6. Taking notes: writes the characteristic of the Nile River in a circle.

7. The Fertile Crescent

8. Ancient Egypt

9. Summary questions:
Why did the Greek historian Herodotus call Egypt the gift of the Nile?
Because it brought life to Egypt and allowed it to thrive.
What is the longest river in the world? How long it is?
The Nile, it covers a distance of over 4,000 miles.
Where did the Egyptian civilization develop along the Nile?
It developed along a 750 mile stretch of the Nile.
What are the 2 regions of Ancient Egypt?
Southern Region and Northern regions

10. Summary questions: The physical features of Ancient Egypt
Why was the Southern region called Upper Egypt?
Because it is located upriver in relation the Nile’s flow.
Why was Northern region called Lower Egypt?
Because it was located down river.
What made sailing along the Nile difficult?
The six cataracts which are located along the river.
Where is nearly two thirds of Egypt’s fertile land located?
Nile Delta.

11. New Vocabulary
Cataracts: rapids formed when the Nile flow over a rough terrain.
Delta: a triangle shaped area of land made from soil deposited by a river.
Pharaoh: Great House.
Dynasty: series of rulers from the same family.

12. Draw & label the natural barriers of Egypt.

13. Summary questions
Even though Egypt is a desert and received little rain, it still received floods. Where did the floods come from?
From the Rainfall far to the south of Egypt in the highlands of East Africa.
Why do Egyptians call their country the black land?
Because of the silt which came from the flood that turned the land to dark color.

14. Cataracts
Silt
Nile Delta

15. Summary questions
“without the floods, people never could have settled in Egypt” Explain.
The Flood covered the land with rich silt which made the soil perfect for people to farm crops for food.
Why could the Egyptians manage the Nile floods easier than floods of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia?
Because almost ever year the Nile flooded Upper Egypt in mid-summer and Lower Egypt in the fall so it was predictable.

16. Summary questions
How did the irrigation system worked in Ancient Egypt?
The Egyptian farmers built basins to collect water during the yearly floods and to store the water long afterword.
Why did the Egyptian farmers build a series of canals?
To be used in the dry months to direct water from the basins to the fields where it was needed.

17. Basin
Canals

18. Advantages of the Nile: “Varied Diet”
Explain how Egyptians enjoyed a varied diet by the Nile?
The farmers grew wheat, barley, fruits, and vegetables.
They raised cattle and sheep and caught many types of fish.
The Hunters trapped wild geese and ducks along its banks.

19. Farming by the Nile

20. Summary questions N W E S
What was the valuable advantage other than the food supply that people living along the Nile valley enjoyed?
It had natural barriers that made Egypt hard to invade. N
To the North, the Mediterranean sea kept many enemies away W E
At the West, the Desert was too big and harsh to cross
Egypt
At the East, The Red Sea provided protection against invasion S
At the south, Cataracts at the Nile made it difficult for outsiders to sail in

21. Crowns in Egypt: Egypt was divided into two kingdoms:
Red crown
White-coned crown
Lower Egypt
Upper Egypt
North-West Nile Delta
West Bank of the Nile
King ruled by a town Called PE
Capital: Nekhen

22. Growth of Ancient Egypt:
What helped Ancient Egypt to grow?

23. Growth of Ancient Egypt:
Main factors led to the growth of Ancient Egypt
Natural Barriers provide protection:
Deserts.
Cataracts along the Nile.
Bodies of water.
The Nile provides life:
Fertile soil for crops.
Water for people, animals, and irrigation.
Growth of Ancient Egypt

24. Crowns in Egypt

25. Kings unify Egypt
The king of Lower Egypt ruled from a town called…Pe…… while, ……Nekhen…….was the capital city of Upper Egypt.
The lower Egypt king wore a…Red…………. While the Upper Egypt king wore………White…….
King ……Menes………..wanted to unify Upper and Lower Egypt.
Menes was Egypt’s first…Pharaoh….and he founded the first …Dynasty……in Egypt.

26. The Pharaoh Menes

27. Kings unify Egypt
What was the name and the location of the new Egyptian capital city built by Menes?
Southern tip of the Nile Delta, it was called “Memphis”
What did king Menes do to strengthen his control over the unified country? (Mention 2 things)
His army invaded and took control over of lower Egypt.
He married a princess from Lower Egypt.
Why was Memphis important capital in Egypt? ( mention 3 points)
Because it was the political and cultural center of Egypt.
Many governmental offices were located there.
It was bustled with artistic activity.

28. Section 1 Assessment. ( p.92)1-
a) Northern region & Southern region.
B)Provided fertile lands that allowed crops to grow to provide food.
C) Provided protection against invasion but made sailing difficult. 2-
a) wheat, barely, fruits, vegetables, sheep, fish, duck and geese.
b) Provided water for crops and animals. Home for wild geese and ducks.
c) Provided strong protection against invasion by enemies. 3-
a) Menes.
b) To symbolize the unification of lower and Upper Egypt.

29. Chapter 4: Section 2: The Old Kingdom (p.90-95)

30. Section 2 : Main Ideas:
The Big Idea: Egyptian Government and religion were closely connected during the old kingdom/.
Life in old kingdom was influenced by Pharaohs, roles in society, and trade.
Religion shaped Egyptian life.
The pyramids were built as huge tombs for Egyptian Pharaohs.

31. Lesson 1:Early Pharaohs
How long did the old kingdom last?
It lasted for about 500 years. From about 2700 to 2200BC.
How did the Ancient Egyptian develop their political system during the Old Kingdom?
The system they developed was based on the belief that the Pharaoh , the ruler of Egypt, was both a king and a god.
Why did the Egyptians believe that the Pharaoh is the god?
Because they believed that Egypt belonged to gods and that the Pharaoh came to earth to manage Egypt for the rest of the gods.
Who had absolute power over land and people in Egypt?
The Pharaoh.
What responsibilities did the pharaoh have that balanced his high status?
Make crops grow.
Keep people healthy.
Make trade profitable.
Prevent wars.

32. Early Egyptian Society
Activity:
Imagine you are a pharaoh. Write advantages and disadvantages to being a Pharaoh.
Present to your class telling them whether you would like to be a pharaoh or not while giving reasons.

33. The Egyptian Spciety: The Social Structure (Ancient Egypt)
Pharaoh
(The Pharaoh ruled Egypt as God)
Nobles
Officials and priests helped running th government and temples
Scribes and Craftspeople
( Scribes wrote & Craftspeople produced goods)
Farmers, servants and slaves.
80% were farmers who worked on the pharaoh’s building projects when they can’t work in the field during the flood seasons. Below them were servants and slaves

34. Key Terms:
old kingdom : It lasted for about 500 years. From about 2700 to 2200BC.
Nobles: People from rich and powerful families.

35. Egyptian Society and trading at the old kingdom:
Who was Khufu?
He is the most famous Pharaoh of the Old Kingdom, who ruled in the 2500sBC.
What is best well known about Khufu?
The monuments that were built to him. Also, legend says that he was cruel, but historical records say that he fed his people well.
Egyptian traders traveled to Egypt’s neighbors for trading:
what did the Egyptian traders get from Nubia, south the Nile?
Gold, copper, ivory, slaves and stone for building.
what did the Egyptian traders get from Syria?
Wood for building and for fire.

36. Kufu

37. Lesson 2:Religion and Egyptian Life
Egyptians focused on religion especially on what happened after people died.
Official Egyptians expected everyone to worship the same gods.
Egyptians had God for almost everything.
Gods mixed human and animals forms like god Anubis who had a human body but a jackal’s head.
Where did the Egyptian worship Gods?
At the temples.
Why did the temples collect payments?
Because the payments allowed the temples to grow more influential.

38. What are the major Gods at the Old Kingdom?
Name of God
God of?
Re, or Amon Re
The Sun
Osiris
The Underworld.
Isis
Goddess of Magic
Horous
The Sky, and God of the Pharaohs
Thoth
Wisdom
Geb
Earth
Ptah
Creator of the world
Anubis
God of the dead.

39. Forms of Gods:

40. Religion and Egyptian Life
Key Terms: Polytheism: the worship of more than one God. Ka: the person’s life force not its physical entity. Mummy: preserved body that is wrapped in cloth. Elite : people of wealth and power. Afterlife: life after death. Embalming: preserving the dead body and keeping them from decaying.

41. Religion and Egyptian Life
Infer on why might the temples have been powerful and influential in Ancient Egypt?
Why did Egyptians try preserve their dead bodies?
How did ancient Egyptians preserve their bodies? (rich/poor)

42. Importance of Afterlife.
Much of the Egyptian religion focused on the afterlife.
How did the Egyptians and paintings on wall portray afterlife?
As an ideal world where all the people are young and healthy.
Describe the Egyptians idea of Ka?
When a person died, his/her Ka (person’s life force) left the body and become a spirit.
What happens to Ka when it leaves the body?
The Ka remained linked to the body and could not leave the burial site.

43. Importance of Afterlife.
Did the Egyptian treated ka as a living person? How? Yes, they believed that it had the same needs as a living person. It needed to eat, sleep and be entertained. How did the Egyptian fulfill the needs of Ka? People filled tombs with objects for the afterlife. What are the objects that were buried in the tombs? Furniture, clothing, tools, jewelry and weapons. Why did the relatives of the dead body bring food and beverages to their loved ones? So the Ka would not be hungry or thirsty.

44. Burial Practices:
What did the Egyptian do the dead body to be prepared for the afterlife before it is placed in the tomb? The Egyptians believed that they have to preserve the dead body. Why did the Egyptians preserve the dead body ? Give 3 reasons. 1- if the body decayed, its spirit could not recognize it. 2- the link between Ka and the Body will be broken. 3- Ka will not be able to receive the food and drink.

45. Burial practices.
What is the method the Egyptians used to keep the Ka from suffering? The Egyptians used embalming, to preserve the body for many years and keep them from decaying. In what shape did the Egyptians preserve their dead bodies? In a form of mummies, specially treated bodies wrapped in cloth.

46. The steps used by the Egyptians for embalming the dead bodies:
Embalming was a complex process that took several weeks to be completed. What is the first step used for embalming? Embalmers cut the dead body opened and removed all the organs except for the heart, were organs where kept in special jars. What happens when the organs are removed? Embalmers used special substance to dry out the body and later applied some special oils. What happens to the dried-out body? The embalmers wrapped them with lined clothes and bandages.

47. The steps used by the Egyptians for embalming the dead bodies:
What did the Egyptians placed inside the cloth wrapping? They placed special charms. After the last step of wrapping the body, what happens to the mummies? A mummy was placed in a coffin, called sarcophagus. Who can afford having their dead bodies mummified? Only royalty and Egypt’s elite who have wealth and power. Where did the peasants burry their body? In shallow graves at the edge of the desert to be preserved naturally by the sun.

48. Gods and dead-bodies.
What role did god Osiris, the god of the underworld, play? Osiris waited to judge the dead person’s soul. What role did the god Anubis, god of the dead , play? Mention 2 roles. 1-Anubis weighed the person’s heart against the feather of truth. 2- performed the first step in preparing the mummy. When is the person allowed into the underworld? If the person’s heart weighed the same amount as the feather of truth.

49. Images ( The Judging day + Sarcophagus)

50. The Pyramids: (P. 98-100) Key Terms:
Pyramids: huge, stone tombs with four triangle shaped sides that met in a point on top.
Engineering: the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

51. The Pyramids Why were the pyramids important to the Ancient Egyptians?
Because, The Pyramids were built as huge tombs for Egyptian Pharaohs.
At what time were the largest pyramids built?
During the Old Kingdom.
Describe the shape of the pyramid?
It covers more than 13 acres as its base and stands 481 feet high.
Where did the Egyptians burry the Pharaoh?
In a burial chamber inside the pyramids sealed off with rocks.

52. The Pyramids
How many workers and limestone block needed to build the pyramid?
As many as 100,000 workers and 2 million limestone blocks.
How did the government pay for the pyramids workers?
workers were paid in goods such as grain instead of money.
What debate did the scholars have about building the pyramids ?
Some believe that during the flood, builders floated the stone downstream directly to the construction site.
Others, believed that workers used brick ramps and strong sleds to drag the stones up the pyramid.

53. Significance of the pyramids:
What did the pyramids symbolize?
Pointing to the sky it symbolizes the Pharaoh’s journey to afterlife.
Why Egyptians wanted the pyramid to look spectacular?
To make the Pharaoh’s spirit, their link to the gods, happy which ensures their happy afterlife.
What did the Egyptians do to ensure the safety of Pharaohs after their death?
The Egyptians wrote magical spells and hymns on the pharaoh’s tomb which is called Pyramid Texts.

54. The Pyramids
Did you know…… In 954, archaeologists discovered a 144-foot-long wooden boat buried at the base of the Great Pyramid. Why do you think it was there?

55. The Pyramids Linking to today……
Do you think the Pyramids can be damaged in anyway overtime?

56. Section 2: Assessment (Book ( page 95)
Model Answer:
1-a) the 500-year period in the Egyptian History from 2700 to 2200BC.
B) As the Egyptians thought of him as god.
c) Trading was profitable, it helped Egypt to become rich and have all the needed resources.
2-a) life after death.
B- because if the body decayed, the spirit would not recognize it in the afterlife.
3-a) the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
b) That The Egyptians society was able to achieve complex projects with high discipline .

58. Chapter 4: Section 3: The Middle and New Kingdom (p.96-100)

59. Main Ideas
The Middle Kingdom was a period of stable government between periods of disorder.
The New Kingdom was the peak of the Egyptian trade and military power, but their greatness did not last.
Work and daily life were different among Egypt’s social classes.
Big idea: during the middle and new kingdoms, order and greatness were restored in Egypt.

60. Taking Notes Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Work and life c. 2050-2200BC

61. Key terms:
Middle Kingdom: a period of order and stability which lasted to about 1750BC.
New kingdom: the period which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory.
Trade Routes: paths followed by traders.
People to know:
Pharaoh Ramses the Great
Queen Hatshepsut

62. The Middle Kingdom: c. 2050-2200BC
What happened by the end of the Old Kingdom? The wealth and power of the Pharaohs declined. Why did the Pharaohs lose control over the Old Kingdom? 1- they could not collect taxes to keep up with the expenses of building the pyramids. 2- Ambitious Nobles used their government position to take power from the Pharaohs. For the next 160 years, after the decline of the Old Kingdom, who ruled Egypt? The Local Nobles ruled Egypt.

63. The Middle Egypt ( the rise and fall)
Indicate what happened by the beginning of the Middle Kingdom? Around 2050 BC, a powerful Pharaoh defeated his rivals and once again Egypt was united. How Egypt fell by the end of the Middle Kingdom? A group called Hyksos from Southwest Asia invaded Egypt. How did the Hyksos conquer Lower Egypt? They used horses, chariots, and advanced weapons. For how long the Hyksos ruled the region as Pharaohs? For 200 years. What happened to the Hyksos in the mid-1500s? Ahmos of Thebes drove the Hyksos out of Egypt after he declared himself the king of Egypt.

64. The New Kingdom (c BC)
Who marked the beginning of the New kingdom and Egypt’s 18 century? King Ahmose of Thebes. What brought wealth to the Pharaohs during the New Kingdom? Conquest and trade brought wealth to the Pharaohs. Building an Empire What did the Egyptian leaders do to prevent any future Invasions? They decided to take control over all possible invasion routes into the kingdom. And turn Egypt to an empire. Whom did the Egyptian army conquer after they targeted the homeland of the Hyksos? The army continued North and conquered Syria.

65. The New Kingdom ( Building an Empire)
Which Countries were conquered after the conquering of Syria? Egypt took over the entire Eastern shore of the Mediterranean sea and the kingdom of Kush south of Egypt. What happened to Egypt by the 1400s? Egypt was the leading military power in the region. Where did Egypt’s empire extend? From the Euphrates river to Southern Nubia. What made Egypt rich during the New Kingdom? The kingdoms it conquered usually sent treasures to their Egyptian conquerors. What did the Kingdom of Kush in Nubia sentd to the Pharaoh of Egypt? It sent annual payments of gold, leopard skins ,and precious stones. Who else beside the Kingdom of Kush sent gifts to Egypt? Assyrian, Babylonian, and Hittite Kings.

66. The New Kingdom: ( Growth and Effects of Trade )
How did Egypt’s conquests benefit Trading? 1- Profitable Trade routes were developed. 2- Many valuable resources were found in the conquered lands. Queen Hatshepsut: How Queen Hatshepsut increased Trading? 1- she sent Traders to the South to trade with the Kingdom of Punt on the red sea. 1- she sent traders to the North to trade with people in Asia Minor and Greece. How did Hatshepsut use the money gained from trading? Building impressive monuments like a magnificent temple near the city of Thebes.

67. The Pharaohs :Ramses the Great, Hatshepsut and Kufu

68. The New Kingdom: Invasions of Egypt
who tried to invade Egypt in the 1200s BC?
The Hittites, a group from Asia Minor.
Who fought the Hittites and how the war ended?
The Pharaoh Ramses the Great, neither could defeat the others.
Who tried to invade Egypt from the West at the Nile Delta?
A people known as the Tehenu.
What did Ramses the Great do with the Tehenu?
He fought them off, and built a series of forts to strengthen the West.
Who invaded Egypt after Ramses the Great died?
Invaders called the Red Sea sailed into the southwest Asia and destroyed the Hittites and other cities, but the Egyptians turned them back after 50 years of fighting.
What happened to the New kingdom after the invasion of the Hittities and the sea peoples?
The New kingdom ended, where Egypt fell into a period of violence and disorder.

69. Work and daily life p.( 104-105)
As the Egyptian society grew, people started to take different jobs, where younger boys started to learn their future jobs from their fathers.
Jobs ( Scribes, Artisans, Artists, Architects, Merchants, traders, Soldiers, Framers and slaves).
Scribes:
Who are the scribes?
Honored writers from the Middle class who worked for the government.
What are the 2 main responsibilities of the Scribe?
1- keep records and accounts for the state.
2- Wrote and copied religious and literary texts like stories and poems.

70. Work and Daily Life Artisans, Artists and Architects:
Who were the Artisans?
They were sculptors, builders, carpenters, jewelers, metalworkers and leatherworkers who worked for the government and temples.
What did the Artisans make?
They made statues, jewelry, pottery, shoes, and furniture.
What did the Architects do?
They designed temples and royal temples for Egypt.
What did the Artists do?
They painted delighted pictures in the burial chambers of the Pharaohs.

71. Work and Daily Life
What did the merchants and traders do? They traveled long distances to buys and sell goods. What payment did the soldiers receive? They received land and could keep the treasure they captured in wars. What did the farmers do? They grew crops to support their families. How did the farmers prepare their lands before the flood to grow their crops? They used wooden hoes or plows pulled by cows to prepare their lands. What do the farmers do after the floodwater had drained away? They plant seeds and then harvest the crops at the end of the growing season. How farmers pay taxes to the Pharaoh? They pay him crops as taxes as he controlled all the land in the kingdom.

72. Work and Daily Life
Who were the slaves? They were convicted criminals or prisoners from wars. What did the slaves work? They worked in building projects, in workshops, and in private households. Did the slaves have legal rights? Yes, unlike other slaves they can earn their freedom.

73. Family life in Egypt
What did the children used to play? They played with toys, tops, clay animal figures, ball games and they hunted. What did the children learn at schools? They learned morals, writing, math, and sports. What happened to the boys at age 14? They left school, to enter their father’s profession ( job).

74. Family life in Egypt
Who used to live with the Egyptian families at their homes? Unmarried female relatives,. Who was expected to get married young? Men, so that they could start having children. Did Egyptian women work during Ancient time? What were their jobs? Yes, they worked as priestesses, royal officials, administrators, and artisans. List the legal rights of the Ancient Egyptian women? 1- they could own property. 2- make contracts. 3- divorce their Husbands. 4- own their property after divorce.

75. The New Kingdom
Invader
Result

76. Section 3: Assessment
Book ( page 100)

77. Model answer
1.a) a period of order and stability from 2050 to 1750 BC. It began after a powerful Pharaoh defeated his rivals. 1.b) by driving the Hyksos out of Egypt. 2.a) protecting Egypt from the Tehenu. 2b.) increased trade, built many impressive monuments and temples. 3.a) farming. 3.b) the ability to own property, make contracts, and divorce their husbands. 3.c) because they were involved in religious procedures, which were very important to the Egyptians and because they portrayed history to later generations.. 4) Rise of the Middle Kingdom: Ahmose defeats the Hyksos,. Rise of the New Kingdom: Egypt becomes an empire through military conquests, trade expands. Fall: of the two kingdoms: invasions by various peoples.