1. Classification and Matter

2. Types of Matter
Pure substances
Elements (PT)
Compounds (ionic, covalent, metallic)
Mixtures
(combinations of substances made by physical changes)

3. Ways to Separate Mixtures
Mixtures may be separated fairly easily
even hand-picked apart
Evaporation
liquid to gas leaves solids behind
such as evaporating water from salt water solutions which allows salt to form crystals
Distillation
boiling to separate liquids
all liquids have different boiling points
collect vapors of each substance

4. Ways to Separate Mixtures
Centrifuge
separates substances based on density
the more dense substance will be pulled to the side of the spinning container because of gravity
Magnetism
metals will separate from non-metals
Filtration
smaller particles will pass through filters while larger particles stay behind

5. Properties of Mixtures
May be solid
alloys like jewelry metals
May be liquid
like tea and lemonade
May be gas
like air
May be any combination of pure substances or compounds
The individual substances are combined without changing themselves

6. looks the same throughout cannot see individual parts
Classes of Mixtures
Homogeneous
looks the same throughout
cannot see individual parts
ex. milk, tea (colloids, solutions)
Heterogeneous
larger parts can be seen
different parts can be seen
ex. trail mix (suspensions)

7. particles may spread throughout the mixture, but will settle
Types of Mixtures
Suspension
particles may spread throughout the mixture, but will settle
particles scatter or block light, large enough to see
ex. - snow globe, oil and vinegar salad dressing, trail mix
Colloid
particles will not settle
particles will scatter light
are not large enough to see
ex. - dairy products, Jell-O

8. substances dissolved in other substances solute + solvent = solution
Types of Mixtures
Solution
substances dissolved in other substances
solute + solvent = solution
the ability to dissolve is called solubility
water is the universal solvent
ex. - Kool-Aid
diluted - more solvent, more water
concentrated - more solute

9. Electrolytes
Electrolyte – a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current.
Nonelectrolyte – a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct an electric current.

10. Factors That Affect Solubility
Surface area – because the dissolving process happens at the surface area of a solute, crushing or grinding the solute speeds up the rate of dissolution.
Agitation – stirring or shaking helps spread out the solute particles which increases the rate of dissolution.
Heating – speeds up the particle motion therefore helping it dissolve the solute.
Pressure – changes how gases dissolve in liquids.

11. Saturation
Saturated solution – a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute.
Supersaturated solution – a solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution, eventually excess solute will precipitate out.
Unsaturated solution – a solution that does not have the maximum amount of dissolved solute.

12. Solubility curve
Saturated
Supersaturated
Unsaturated

13. Solubility curve
Any solution can be made saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated by changing the temperature.