1. Chapter 6 review

2. 1. How does language influence culture?
National identities
Creating a standard language (spoken by the many)
Creating an official language (used by governments)
Political conflict
Cultural heritages torn
Example: Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia- Flemish and French)
Dialects
Traits of a culture
Variants along regional or ethnic lines in vocab, pronunciation, pace…
Isogloss
Geographic boundaries where linguistic features occur

3. 2. Why and how are languages distributed?
Pidgin language
Informal mixing of two or more
Creole language
Pidgin that has become the first language of a group
Formation of language
Sound shifts, divergence, convergence, backward reconstruction
Theories of distribution
Still do not know exactly where languages began, but probably around where more people lived and migrated to and from.

4. Language families Indo-European Sino-Tibetan Afro-Asiatic
50% of people worldwide
Language group (subfamily) Germanic, romance, Slavic, iranic
English, Spanish, Russian, hindi
Sino-Tibetan
20% of people- mainly east asia
Mandarin chinese
Afro-Asiatic
North Africa and middle east
Arabic, swahili

5. 3. How do languages diffuse?
Human Interaction
Trade- communication
Migration
Business & trade- Lingua Franca- English
Top 5: Mandarin, Hindi, Spanish, English, Arabic
Print Distribution
Monolingual and multilingual states
Promoting one language over another
Colonialism
Forcing languages on peoples

6. 4. What are the top languages?
1. Mandarin Chinese
2. English
3. Hindi
4. Spanish
5. Russian
6. Arabic
7. Bengali
8. Portuguese
9. Malay-Indonesian
10. French