1. Cutaneous Membrane Accessory Structures
Ch 4: Integumentary System
Cutaneous Membrane
Accessory Structures
Medical ppt

2. Made up of all 4 tissue types . . . .??

3. Two Major Subdivisions
Cutaneous Membrane
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Accessory Structures
Excretory glands (?) ?

4. Epidermis Type of Epithelium? _vascular Different layers (=strata)
4 layers in thin skin
5 layers in thick skin

5. Stratum Germinativum Cell types: Stem cells (basal cells) Melanocytes
Merkel cells (touch receptors in hairless skin only)
= stratum
basale
Stratum
germinativum
Innermost, single layer

6. Stratum Spinosum Stem cell daughter cells (some can still divide)
Melanocytes & Langerhans cells
Establishment of Desmosomes
Stratum
spinosum
Several cells thick

7. Stratum Granulosum
Cells displaced from stratum spinosum  Keratinocytes
Production of keratohyalin and keratin fibers
Cells start to die. Dehydration leaves interlocked layers of keratin, keratohyalin & PL membranes
Stratum
granulosum

8. Stratum Lucidum In palms of hands and soles of feet
Cells do not stain well  clear (lucid) looking
Stratum
lucidum
Lucid = translucent

9. Many layers of flattened, dead cells, filled with keratin
Continually shed in sheaths
Water-resistant but not water proof ( insensible perspiration)
Relatively dry - advantage?
Keratinization occurs everywhere except for anterior surface of eye
Stratum Corneum
Stratum
corneum
layers (much thicker in thick skin)
Insensible perspiration about 500 ml / day

10. Thin vs. Thick Skin Refers to epidermis Average 0.08 mm Rest of body
Up to 6 x thicker
Where??

11. Contour of skin surface follows pattern of epidermal ridges. Advantage ??
Unique fingerprints

12. Skin Color depends on 3 pigments Hemoglobin (dermal blood supply)
Reddish tones
Pale, due to?
Bluish (=?), due to?
Melanin
Produced by melanocytes of stratum basale
Carotene
Obtained from plant foods

13. Melanocytes Function ? Number of melanocytes same in all people,
production levels differ !

14. Dermis
Papillary layer loose c.t.
Reticular layer dense irregular c.t.

15. Papillary Layer Dermal papillae project between epidermal ridges.
Consist of
Loose c.t. = _____
Capillaries
Tactile receptors M

16. Reticular Layer Consist of ______________ c.t. + ??
Pacinian corpuscule
(deep pressure)

17. Hypodermis 2 other names ?
Indistinct boundary (c.t. fibers interwoven)
Made up of
Loose c.t. + lots of . . .
Function
Stabilization of skin while allowing for independent movement
Subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia

18. Clinical Brief: Wrinkles Stretch marks (lineae albicantes) Decubitus
Transdermal medication
Advantage and disadvantage?
Examples?
Hypodermic needles
Lines of cleavage

19. Accessory Structures: Hair Follicles & Hair
5 mio hair/hu body. (98% not on top of head)
Three hair types (vellus – intermediate – terminal)
Function ?
Hair color
Growth cycle

20. Skin Glands: 1) Sebaceous Glands
Holocrine
Sebum discharged into hair follicles
(lubrication & bactericidal)
excessive shampooing leads to dry & brittle hair
Sebaceous follicles, = Large sebaceous glands, discharge directly to epidermis
Where ?
Folliculitis; furuncle (boil); acne

21. 2) Apocrine Sweat Glands
Have merocrine secretion!!
Empty into hair follicle
Location: armpits, groin, nipples
Viscous, cloudy secretion  good nutrient source for bacteria (odor !!)
Secretion may contain Pheromones
Secretion begins at puberty and is stimulated during emotional distress (cold sweat)

22. 3) Merocrine Sweat Glands
Empty directly onto skin surface
Location: most all over body (esp. abundant on palms & soles: ~ 500/cm2)
Clear, watery secretion (99% H2O; rest NaCl + some waste products)
Sensible perspiration; Function: ?

23. For purpose of completion:
Other integumentary Glands:
Mammary glands: Modified apocrine sweat glands
Ceruminous glands: modified sweat glands in __________

24. The End Nails not covered. Skin and Aging Process Medical ppt