1. Psychological Development
Dear Mrs. Jones, I wish to clarify that I am not now, nor have I ever been, an exotic dancer.   I work at Home Depot and I told my daughter how hectic it was last week before the blizzard hit.  I told her we sold out every single shovel we had, and then I found one more in the back room, and that several people were fighting over who would get it.    Her picture doesn't show me dancing around a pole.  It's supposed to depict me selling the last snow shovel we had at Home Depot. From now on I will remember to check her homework more thoroughly before she turns it in. Sincerely, Mrs.  Smith
AP PSYCH

2. Prenatal Development
Prenatal period – The developmental period before birth
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
Placenta – An organ that develops between the embryo/fetus and the mother
Teratogens – Toxic substances that can damage the developing organism
AP PSYCH 10

3. What Capabilities Does the Child Possess?
Newborns have innate abilities for finding nourishment, directing attention, and reflexes
AP PSYCH

4. Habituation (Tendency to ignore repeated stimulation)
We tend to focus on things that are unfamiliar.
Results from research:
Babies Look at faces first.
Babies have object permanence much younger than Piaget thought.
AP PSYCH 13

5. Infancy (from one month to about 18 months)
Maturation – The unfolding of genetically programmed processes of growth and development over time
NATURE!!!!!!!!!!
*Brain must refine neural connections & Prune unused/unneccesary connections
AP PSYCH 14

6. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
AP PSYCH 15

7. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
Responds to sound
Becomes quiet when picked up
Vocalizes occasionally
AP PSYCH 16

8. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
Smiles socially
Recognizes mother
Rolls from side to back
Lifts head and holds it erect and steady
AP PSYCH 17

9. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
Vocalizes to the smiles and talk of an adult
Searches for source of sound
Sits with support, head steady
AP PSYCH 18

10. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
Gaze follows dangling ring, vanishing spoon, and ball moved across table
Sits with slight support
AP PSYCH 19

11. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
Discriminates strangers from familiar persons
Turns from back to side
Makes distinctive vocalizations
AP PSYCH 20

12. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
Lifts cup and bangs it
Smiles at mirror image
Reaches for small object
AP PSYCH 21

13. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
7 mo.
Makes playful responses to mirror
Sits alone steadily
Crawls
AP PSYCH 22

14. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
7 mo.
8 mo.
Vocalizes up to four different syllables
Listens selectively to familiar words
Pulls to standing position
AP PSYCH 23

15. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
7 mo.
8 mo.
9 mo.
AP PSYCH 24

16. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
7 mo.
8 mo.
9 mo.
10 mo.
Plays pat-a-cake
AP PSYCH 25

17. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
7 mo.
8 mo.
9 mo.
10 mo.
11 mo.
Stands alone
AP PSYCH 26

18. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
7 mo.
8 mo.
9 mo.
10 mo.
11 mo.
1 year
Walks alone
AP PSYCH 27

19. What Are the Developmental Tasks of Infancy and Childhood?
Infants and children face especially important developmental tasks in the areas of cognition and social relationships – tasks that lay a foundation for further growth in adolescence and adulthood
AP PSYCH

20. Cognitive Development
Cognitive development – The process by which thinking changes over time
Schemes – Mental structures or programs that guide a developing child’s thoughts
AP PSYCH 31

21. Cognitive Development
Assimilation – Mental process that modifies new information to fit it into existing schemes
Accommodation – Mental process that restructures existing schemes so that new information is better understood
AP PSYCH 32

22. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Inductive Reasoning
*Specific example  General Proposition
Formal Operational
Deductive Reasoning
*General Proposition  Specific Example
AP PSYCH 33

23. Gradual versus Abrupt Change
Age
Performance
Discontinuity view
Continuity view
Continuity view vs. Discontinuity view
AP PSYCH 6

24. Attachment 3 Factors of Attachment Body Contact (Harlow’s Research)
Familiarity (Humans don’t imprint)
Responsiveness
Mary Ainsworth “Strange Situation Test”
Secure Attachment
-Separation Anxiety & Stranger Anxiety
Avoidant Attachment
-Don’t go to parents as “base”
Ambivalent Attachment
-Stress at abandonment, but no comfort
AP PSYCH 39

25. Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive
A great example of good parenting.
AP PSYCH 39

26. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Age/Period
Principal Challenge
0 to 1 year
Trust vs. mistrust
1to 2 years
Autonomy vs. self doubt
3 to 5 years
Initiative vs. guilt
Elementary School
Industry vs. inferiority
Adolescence
Identity vs. role confusion
Early adulthood
Intimacy vs. isolation
Middle adulthood
Generativity vs. stagnation
Late adulthood
Ego-integrity vs. despair
AP PSYCH 33

27. Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Formal operational stage – Piaget’s final stage of cognitive growth (abstract and complex thought)
Hormones rise to high levels
The frontal lobes undergo a “remodel”
This leads to sensation seeking and risk taking, and preoccupation with body image and sex
AP PSYCH 41

28. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
I. Preconventional morality (Yourself!)
Stage 1: Avoid Punishment
Stage 2: “What am I going to get out of this?”
II. Conventional morality (Society)
Stage 3: Pleasing others
Stage 4: Following the law
II. Postconventional morality (Beyond Society)
Stages 5 & 6: Exceptions & internal judgements
AP PSYCH 36

29. The Developmental Challenges of Adulthood
Love and work
Intimacy versus isolation
Generativity versus stagnation
Generativity – A process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations
AP PSYCH 42

30. Memory & Intelligence as we age
Encoding failure increases with age.
Recall ability declines, recognition remains stable.
Personally meaningful info. Maintained easier.
Prospective Memory Declines
Crystallized Intelligence
Accumulated knowledge & facts
Increases with age.
Ex. Historians, Writers, College Professors, etc.
Fluid Intelligence
Problem-solving, Puzzle-solving ability
Decreases with age
Ex. NASA mission control, HS teachers, Physicists ,etc.
AP PSYCH 42

31. Types of Studies Cross-Sectional
Look at DIFFERENT people in the same time of their life.
Longitudinal
Study SAME people at different times during their life.
AP PSYCH

32. On Death and Dying Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Denial Anger Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
AP PSYCH