1. CHEMISTRY OF CARBON

3. Because C has only 4 valence electrons it easily bonds covalently w/4 hydrogen forming the simplest organic molecule, methane, or, natural gas.
CH4

4. C easily bonds with itself forming single, double and triple bonds, this property results in many differently shaped molecules...
shape determines physical and chemical characteristics
LONG CHAINS
RINGS
BRANCHED
CHAINS

5. FORMING ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES
SINGLE MOLECULAR UNIT:MONOMER
SMALLEST STRUCTURE THAT STILL HAS THE CHARACTERISICS
OF THE MACROMOLECULE
CARBOHYDRATES: MONOSACCHARIDES
1 RING SUGARS
PROTEINS: 20 AMINO ACIDS
LIPIDS: FATTY ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS: 5 NUCLEOTIDES
A,T,C,G,U
MONOMERS BOND TO FORM:POLYMERS
POLYMERS CAN BE FORMED FROM
BONDING IDENTICAL MONOMERS,
OR, DIFFERENT ONES OF THE
SAME KIND…
FORMING ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES

6. ALL MONOMERS CONTAIN C-H-O, however, Phosphorus and/or Nitrogen are found in 2 of the 4 monomers…
MONOSACCHARIDES
C-H-O
FATTY ACIDS
C-H-O
AMINO ACIDS
C-H-O-N
NUCLEOTIDES
C-H-O-N-P

7. CARBOHYDRATE PROTEIN: Hemoglobin THE ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES ARE VERY
LARGE POLYMERS…
CARBOHYDRATE
PROTEIN: Hemoglobin
GLUCOSE
GLUCOSE
GLUCOSE
MALTOSE
STARCH

8. SOMETIMES, ATTACHED TO THE MACROMOLECULES, ARE GROUPS OF ATOMS THAT CAN EITHER:
CHANGE THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MOLECULE
HELP MONOMERS BOND TOGETHER LIKE ORGANIC BACKBONES
THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS for biological molecules are the:
PHOSPHATE( PO4) Nucleic Acids, ATP
ALCOHOL (-OH), Carbohydrates
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

9. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURAL

10. C O N D E S A T I THE REACTANTS OF ONE BECOME THE PRODUCTS
CONDENSATION REACTIONS BUILD MACROMOLECULES AND HYDROLYSIS BREAK THEM DOWN(TO DIGEST).
LIKE PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION THEY ARE CYCLIC REACTIONS…
THE REACTANTS OF ONE
BECOME THE PRODUCTS
OF THE OTHER.
Most of these types of reactions
require the action of enzymes.

11. EXAMPLES HYDROLYSIS CONDENSATION CONDENSATION HYDROLYSIS HYDROLYSIS
“BREAK WATER”
CONDENSATION
“MAKE WATER”
CONDENSATION
HYDROLYSIS
HYDROLYSIS
CONDENSATION

12. 4 ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

13. RINGS CARBOHYDRATES MONOMER:MONOSACCHARIDE(CH2O)
SUGARS:MONO/DISACCHARIDES; -OSE
STARCHES: POLYSACCHARIDES
CELL WALLS:CELLULOSE
CONVERTED TO MAKE ATP
RINGS CARBOHYDRATES
CELLULOSE

14. LONG CHAINS LIPIDS MONOMER: FATTY ACIDS PROTECTIVE COVERINGS:MEMBRANES
STORED ENERGY:GLYCEROL(ANIMALS)
HORMONES
STEROIDS
HYDROPHOBIC
HYDROPHILIC
SOLIDS
LIQUIDS
TRIGLYCERIDE
LONG CHAINS LIPIDS
PHOSPHOLIPID

15. BRANCHED CHAINS PROTEINS
MONOMER: 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS
DIPEPTIDES(2 aa’s)/POLYPEPTIDES (many aa’s)
DETERMINE STRUCTURE/FUNCTION of organism
MAINTAIN AND REPAIR
CONTROL CHEMICAL REACTIONS:ENZYMES
(-ASE)
BRANCHED CHAINS PROTEINS

16. NUCLEIC ACIDS MONOMER: NUCLEOTIDE STORE GENETIC INFO
REGULATE SYNTHESIS(making) OF PROTEINS
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID(DNA)
RIBONUCLEIC ACID(RNA)
NUCLEIC ACIDS

17. HIGHWIRE