1. Turn in the DNA cut and paste from Monday
DNA model project Due on

2. Protein synthesis From the information in DNA to the trait you see
Synthesis means: ___________. So protein synthesis is _______________

3. DNA Structure Review Bases Phosphate Sugar Nucleotide antiparallel:
One side points up the other side points down
Shape:
Double Helix
Bases
Phosphate
Sugar
Backbone:
Made of Phosphate and Sugar
Nucleotide
Bases:
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

4. Deoxyribonucleic Acid review
DNA is the code for life
It is found in all living things
The Amount of DNA does not determine the complexity of the organism the order of the bases is what determines different genes
Genes are large segments of DNA found on chromosomes that code for a protein in turn that protein determines a trait (red hair)
A Chromosome is ONE tightly coiled DNA molecule

5. DNA replication Review Why do we have to replicate our DNA
1. DNA Helicase (enzyme) unwinds DNA at the replication fork
2. DNA polymerase (enzyme) adds new nucleotides to create new strands of DNA
3. END products are SEMI-conservative
one strand is old = the parent strand
one strand is new = daughter strand

6. REPLICATE the following DNA strand
ATC GGA CGC ATC
TAG CCT GCG TAG
Three nucleotides together in DNA is called a triplet

7. REPLICATE the following DNA strand
ATC GGA CGC ATC
TAG CCT GCG TAG
ATC GGA CGC ATC
TAG CCT GCG TAG
Don’t print this slide
Three nucleotides together in DNA is called a triplet

8. Give the complementary strand
ATC GGA AAA CGC ATC GGG
TTC CTC ATT GTG AAC ACG
CGG CGC CGT ATC ATC CGT
Three nucleotides together in DNA is called a triplet

9. Give the complementary strand
ATC GGA AAA CGC ATC GGG
TAG CCA TTT GCG TAG CCC
TTC CTC ATT GTG AAC ACG
AAC GAG TAA CAC TTG TGC
CGG CGC CGT ATC ATC CGT
GCC GCG GCA TAG TAG GCA
Don’t print this slide
Three nucleotides together in DNA is called a triplet

10. DNA is like the book
The triplets are like the words
The bases are like the letters
DNA
We can think about the DNA sequence of a gene as a sentence made up entirely of three-letter words.
Have a look at this sentence:
Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat.
Separated into 3 letter words it makes sense:
The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat.
DNA is just 3 letter words that can be thousands of words long all made out of the bases A,T,C,G

11. Protein synthesis STEP 1 Transcription – DNA to mRNA
Protein synthesis is the process of copying and translating that code in DNA into useable proteins by the body
Protein synthesis has 2 steps
These steps are how DNA tells the cell what to do
STEP 1 Transcription – DNA to mRNA
This step copies the information
STEP 2 Translation – mRNA to protein
This step uses the information on mRNA to construct a protein
It’s a complicated process and DNA can’t do it alone, it needs RNA, ribosome's and a lot of different proteins (enzymes) to help out!!!

12. Protein Synthesis - vocab
Protein Synthesis is the making of proteins based on information in DNA.
Transcription: first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
Translation: 2nd step of gene expression mRNA is decoded by ribosome to produce a protein
RNA a nucleic acid that helps make proteins by transferring and storing information.
Proteins are used in the cell to direct cellular functions build and repair and is made up of amino acids. They determine your trait's.
Amino Acid - the monomer (building blocks) of proteins

13. Protein Synthesis - vocab
Triplet: 3 letter code in DNA
Codon- 3 letter code in mRNA that stands for a specific protein
Ribosome- where mRNA is read and the protein is assembled (a ribosome is made out of rRNA)
Peptide – another name for a protein
Peptide bond – the special name we give covalent bonds between amino acids
Anti-codon – 3 letter code ON tRNA to it can bind to a codon on mRNA
Exon- any part of a gene (segment of DNA) that will become a part of the final mature RNA and go to the ribosome for translation
Intron- any part of a gene that is spliced out (removed from) from the RNA molecule before it is translated into a protein. 

14. What is RNA? RNA is RiboNucleic Acid 3 types of RNA:
mRNA – messenger RNA
Carries instructions to make a protein
rRNA – ribosomal RNA
Part of the ribosomes
(organelle that makes protein)
tRNA – transfer RNA
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome
to make proteins

15. DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA Deoxyribose Sugar Double Stranded Bases:
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
RNA
Ribose Sugar
Single stranded
Bases:
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil takes the place of Thymine in RNA. So A joins to U.

16. DNA vs. RNA

17. Check for understanding Questions
Identify the nucleic acid:
ATT AGC CTA = ___________
TAT TAC CCC =___________
AUG GCU CCC =___________
Draw and Label a Nucleotide:
Draw some mRNA
Draw a rRNA
Draw a tRNA

18. Identify the nucleic acid:
ATT AGC CTA = DNA
TAT TAC CCC = DNA
AUG GCU CCC = RNA
Draw and Label a Nucleotide:
Draw some mRNA
Draw a rRNA
Draw a tRNA

19. Steps of Protein Synthesis
Step 1 Transcription:
DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of RNA.
Start with DNA end with mRNA
Occurs in the nucleus
Step 2 Translation:
RNA directs protein construction.
Start with mRNA end with Protein
Occurs in the cytoplasm on a ribosome

20. Transcription DNA makes mRNA
Step 1:DNA strand unwinds with help of helicase.
Step 2: RNA polymerase binds complimentary RNA nucleotides to DNA .(what do polymerase enzymes do?______________)
Step 3: RNA Polymerase reaches a stopping point and new RNA strand is released.

21. Transcription
Close up

22. Transcription – DNA to mRNA
Transcription – DNA to mRNA
Keep In mind that the segment of DNA that is being copied is a GENE
Gene – segment of DNA that codes for a protein
Khan acad.

23. The mRNA is then modified…
DNA contains regions that…
are expressed
regions that are not expressed
regions for structural function
regions with no as-yet known function
Expressed: transcribed into a protein
Not all DNA is transcribed into a protein
Exons are expressed
Introns are removed

24. Transcription practice From DNA to mRNA
Transcribe the following DNA strands…
ATG GGT TTC CGT
TGC GTC ATA AAC
TCA AAC ACG AGT

25. Transcription practice From DNA to mRNA
Transcribe the following DNA strands…
ATG GGT TTC CGT
UAC CCA AAG GCA
TGC GTC ATA AAC
ACG CAG UAU UUG
TCA AAC ACG AGT
AGU UUG UGC UCA
Do not print

26. tRNA = Anti Codons Where amino acid are held Anti-codon
Before you can talk about the next step you need to know the parts of the tRNA
Anti-codon

27. Translation- RNA makes Proteins
Step 1: mRNA will move to the cytoplasm where it will attach to a ribosome (rRNA)
Step 2: tRNA floating in the cytoplasm bind to mRNA with the help of rRNA strand and form peptide bond between amino acids.
Step 2: This continues until a stop point is reached.
Step 3: Ribosome releases peptide chain (protein) and mRNA.
Step 4: protein goes off to do its job
Ex pigment your skin color
Ex help you up take sugar (if you don’t make this protein your diabetic)
Reminder: proteins are made out of amino acids

28. Translation

29. Translation

30. Codons = mRNA
Think of all mRNA molecules as a very long sentence. There are four letters in the mRNA alphabet:
A- Adenine
U- Uracil
C- Cytosine
G-Guanine
These letters are combined in different 3 letter combinations to stand for special amino acids.
These 3 letter combos in mRNA are called Codons.
AUG AAA UUU UAU GUG GUA CUC etc…..

31. How to read a codon chart: practice CAU
2nd step
1st step
3rd step

32. 1st step identify c block
DO codon CAU
1st step identify c block
1st step

33. 3rd step 1st step DO codon CAU
2nd step – find where C block and A block mix
1st step
3rd step

34. Where all three intersect is your amino acid: Histidine is CAU
2nd step
1st step
3rd step

35. Codon to Amino Acid Practice name the amino acid each codon codes for.
AUG
CCC
CCA
CUG
UGG
UAA

36. Codon to Amino Acid Practice name the amino acid each codon codes for.
AUG = Met
CCC = pro
CCA = pro
CUG = leu
UGG = try
UAA = stop

37. Codon Chart 1 start codon = AUG 3 stop codons = UAA, UAG, UGA
Other amino acid codons = 60
Total possible codons = 64
BUT ONLY 20 amino acids …
This means that each amino acid has more than one codon.
Look at the chart there are 4 codons that code for serine amino acid
UCU
UCC
UCA
UCG

38. There are only 20 Amino Acids but over two million different types of proteins in our bodies
How is this possible...?
Think of it like our alphabet which only has 26 letters but can make millions of words
What makes a word unique? The arrangement of the letters. Consider the word: came vs mace. These are two unique words, same letters, but different arrangement. As similar as they are, you would never mistake one for another. 
Think of the thousands of ways, with infinite size and arrangement, the amino acid letters can be used to create individual and unique proteins, just like the letters of the alphabet forms words. This is why you can have millions of proteins from just 20 amino acids.

39. Between species amino acid sequences are very similar the more closely related your are
Looking at the protein: hemoglobin (holds on to oxygen in your red blood cells)
Because DNA codes for the sequence of amino acids … the more similar your sequence of amino acids the more similar your DNA is.
Reminder: the more similar your DNA the more closely related you are

40. An example of DNA and proteins determining a trait (simplified)
DNA = MC1R  (skin color is a polygenic trait – meaning it actually results from multiple genes but we are simplifying it and only looking at one)
Protein = Melanin
Trait = Skin color
Individuals with lighter skin have a mutation in MC1R and their melanocytes are not signaled to make melanin
Less protein melanin lighter skin color
melanocyte
Example of a specialized cell with a specific function:
Melanin is made in special cells called melanocytes. These cells are found in the epidermis of your skin.
The genes/DNA required for making melanin are off in your other cells
virtually identical pigment-building genes in humans, chickens, dogs, cows and many others species, an indication of its biological value.

41. An example of DNA and proteins determining a trait (simplified)
This also represents and evolutionary past for humans
This genetic mutation that largely explains the first appearance of white skin in humans tens of thousands of years ago
The mutation occurred between 20,000 and 50,000 years ago
This date aligns with a wave of ancestral humans migrated northward and eastward out of Africa about 50,000 years ago
Darker skin correlates with areas that get more sun
What do you notice about the distribution of skin color world wide?

42. Light skin color is a positive mutation
Sunlight can be pretty dangerous stuff because of its ultraviolet (UV) light. UV light can do things like destroy folic acid or cause changes (mutations) in the DNA of some skin cells. Sometimes, these mutations can lead to skin cancer.
Dark skin blocks UV so areas of high sunlight darker skin is a benefit
But
Sunlight helps us make vitamin D which is needed in high quantities for a healthy body (bones, teeth, during pregnancy etc.)
In areas with less sun light darker skin individuals would not get enough sun to make vitamin D
So areas of less sun light skin is a benefit
A light skinned person can make the amount of VD required from 15 minutes of sun exposure
A dark skinned person it could take hours
Today that solar requirement is largely irrelevant because many foods are supplemented with vitamin D.

43. X Example of a specialized cell with a specific function:
Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin due to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. In type 1 diabetes—an autoimmune disease—the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells.
Example of a specialized cell with a specific function:
pancreas is a long, flat gland that helps your body digest food
It makes insulin.
Insulin is like a key that opens the doors to the cells of the body. It lets the glucose in.
Then the glucose can move out of the blood and into the
In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas can't make insulin and glucose stays in the blood

44. From start to end – making proteins
Transcription
Translation

45. DNA can replicate
DNA to RNA: Transcription
RNA to Protein: Translation
There are some unique things that can do the opposite and make DNA from RNA and replicate RNA = Reverse transcription (blue arrows)
Ex: AIDS virus

46. T Traits are determined by DNA but expressed by protein:
Think of it like baking a cake:
The DNA is like the recipe you use
Each segment of DNA or gene is like the different types of recipes
The protein is like the cake
The DNA (just like the book) only gives the instructions it’s the proteins (just like the ingredients for the cake) that give an organism its characteristics or traits.

47.
End at 6 min
End

48. Check for Understanding
What is Protein Synthesis?
What happens in Transcription?
What happens in Translation?
What is a peptide chain?
What is the purpose for making proteins?
What are Codons?
Why are their only 20 amino acids but over thousands of different proteins?
Replicate: AAT TAC CGG
Transcribe: TCG CGA CAT
Translate: AUG GCG UAA
Making proteins from DNA instructions
DNA is used to make mRNA (the message/recipe is copied)
Proteins are made from the messageRNA
A chain of amino acids AKA a protein
To do all the work in the cell and give an organism its traits (number of fingers, hair color, heart condition)
2 bases in mRNA
You can combine and stack AA to form different combinations

49. Check for Understanding
What is Protein Synthesis? – process of making proteins (occurs in every organism)
What happens in Transcription? – DNA is copied by mRNA in the nucleus
What happens in Translation? – mRNA is used to make protein in the cytoplasm at a ribosome
What is a peptide chain? – chain of amino acids AKA a protein
What is the purpose for making proteins? – To express DNA as traits
What are Codons? – three letter combo in mRNA
Why are their only 20 amino acids but over thousands of different proteins? – because they can combine in MANY different numbers and types
Replicate: AAT TAC CGG
TTA ATG GCC
Transcribe: TCG CGA CAT
AGC GCU GUA
Translate: AUG GCG UAA
MET ALA STOP
Making proteins from DNA instructions
DNA is used to make mRNA (the message/recipe is copied)
Proteins are made from the messageRNA
A chain of amino acids AKA a protein
To do all the work in the cell and give an organism its traits (number of fingers, hair color, heart condition)
2 bases in mRNA
You can combine and stack AA to form different combinations

50. Students can formulate questions related to the non protein coding sections fo DNA and their functions which could be tested by scientists
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