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Biology MYA REVIEW
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Scientific Method Variables –Independent - variable that is being tested (only one) (manipulated) Dependent - what is measured (responding) Fertilizer Constants: - part(s) of the experiment that remain the same ex: amount of light, type of plant Control Group: is a group which has all the characteristics of the experimental group except the one being tested (group that is not tested).
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Microscopes Compound 10x 4x 10x Scanning Electron
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Autotroph vs. Heterotroph
Obtain energy from the environment Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis “Producers” Obtain energy from other living things “Consumers”
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Types of Heterotrophs Herbivores – eat only plants (cows, turtle)
Carnivores (includes scavengers)– eat only animals (snakes, tiger) Omnivores – eat both plants and animals (humans, bear) Detritivores – eat dead matter or wastes (earthworms) Decomposers – break down organic matter (fungi) Scavengers: consume dead animals and plants.
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Population Growth (B+I) – (D+ E)
Three factors can affect population size: the number of births the number of deaths The number of individuals that- Enter (immigration) Exit (emigration) A population can grow when its birthrate is greater than its death rate. BR>DR (B+I) – (D+ E)
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Populations Emigration – Exit Immigration – In
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Limiting Factors
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Environmental Resistance/ Limiting Factors
Carrying Capacity Environmental Resistance/ Limiting Factors
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Predator Prey Cycles
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Compete with native species Decrease in Biodiversity
Invasive Species Python Competition Disrupt Food Web Compete with native species Decrease in Biodiversity
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Symbiotic Relationships
Relationship between two organisms in which one benefits Types: Mutualism (+,+) Parasitism (+,-) Commensalism (+, o)
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Ecosystem Biomagnification: Pesticides such as DDT can magnify there way up the food chain affecting the top predators the greatest.
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The shorter the path the more efficient.
Food Web
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Bacteria
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BIOMASS #’s Energy Loss -----) 10% passed on
90% lost in the form of heat. Tertiary Consumer Energy Loss -----) Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer BIOMASS #’s
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Water Cycle
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Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis Removes CO2 Respiration Combustion
Decomposition
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Succession Primary Secondary Begins with no life, no soil.
After Volcanic explosion or retiring glacier. bare rock Lichens and mosses. Secondary Follows a disturbance(natural disaster ex: hurricane or tornado or human activity ex: deforestation, farming Soil is present Grass PIONEER CLIMAX
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Human Impact Habitat Loss=Loss of Biodiversity Deforestation
Human activities ALTER the environment. Deforestation Add CO2 to the Atmosphere. Decrease water absorption Increased erosion and flooding Habitat Loss=Loss of Biodiversity
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Salinity amount of salt in the water
Limiting Factors for the marine environment are? Light Nutrients Oxygen Temperature Phytoplankton A.K.A. Euphotic zone Depth increase: Temperature- __________ Pressure- _____________ # of Organisms- _________ Aphotic Zone Salinity amount of salt in the water
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Photic & Aphotic Zones P R E S S U R E Dissolved Oxygen
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Habitat Loss=Loss of Biodiversity
Human activities ALTER the environment. Acid Rain: damages water systems (Lakes), destroys aquatic life due to burning of fossil fuels Deforestation: Clearing of the land…. Habitat destruction Invasive Species Ozone depletion from the release of CFCs Fossil Fuels Add CO2 to atmosphere leads to global climate change (GLOBAL WARMING) Population Increase Increase consumption & destruction Loss of habitat Loss of biodiversity Habitat Loss=Loss of Biodiversity
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* Million of years to form
Energy Renewable * In our lifetime Non-Renewable * Million of years to form Biofuels Fossil Fuels Wind Nuclear Geothermal Solar *Key is to move away from non-renewable to renewable.
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Gases present: Methane, ammonia, hydrogen, water vapor, nitrogen
Formed organic compounds (amino acids and other organics)
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Macromolecules Lipid: Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (CHO)
Carbohydrate: Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (CHO)
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Protein: Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (CHON)
Nucleic Acid: Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus (CHONP)
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Origin of Life Events in Order
* Prokaryotes –No Nucleus * Eukaryote- Nucleus ARCHAE- (ancient) oldest form Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Anaerobes * Bacteria NO OXYGEN Prokaryotic Aerobes * Blue Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) produced OXYGEN. Single Cell Multicellular Asexual Sexual (Diversity) *Evolution Eukaryotic- Autotrophs – Plants Eukaryotic – Heterotrophs - Animals ENDOSYMBIOSIS
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ENDOSYMBIOSIS From Prokaryote to Eukaryote (simple to more complex life forms) Chloroplast Photosynthesis Oxygen Mitochondria “Power House” ENERGY How Eukaryotes formed.
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Can change with new evidence ARE NOT INTERCHANGABLE
Scientific Method Variables –Independent - variable that is being tested (only one) (manipulated) Dependent - what is measured (responding) Time Can change with new evidence Fertilizer Constants: - part(s) of the experiment that remain the same ex: amount of light, type of plant Control Group: is a group which has all the characteristics of the experimental group except the one being tested (group that is not tested). ARE NOT INTERCHANGABLE
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Modern forms of life may have evolved from earlier life forms.
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Evolution * COMMON ANCESTOR EMBRYOLOGY Vestigial Organs
Evidence of Evolution Homologous Structures- (same structure different function) Vestigial Organs (no longer functional) same basic bones (Whales –hip bones) * In humans –APPENDIX & WISDOM TEETH * Tail bone
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Homologous structures may have different function, but will definitively have the same structure from a common ancestor. SAME BONES
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Different structure- same function and not from a common ancestor.
Analogous structures or convergent evolution. This means that different animals with an same adaptation (e.g. birds with wings and moths with wings.) Different structure- same function and not from a common ancestor.
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Vestigial organs structure—a body structure in a present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor. Hind leg bones on whale fossils Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures?
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Comparative embryology
Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story similar structures during development. Common Ancestor all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development
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The newest & most accurate form of
MOLECULAR (DNA) The newest & most accurate form of evidence. GENES
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Divergent & Convergent Evolution
HOMOLOGOUS ANALOGOUS
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Human Evolution Larger Brain- larger cranium (skull)
* cared for the elderly * larger brain = language- tools Face is flatter less protruding. * Diet has changed - less jaw muscles = Shorter jaw– no room for wisdom teeth * Brow Ridge is less prominent
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Might have to put skulls in order
3. Bipedalism- walking upright on two feet. Can see further , freed up hands to carry things 4. Location of FORAMEN MAGNUM -in humans is located towards the center of the skull Might have to put skulls in order
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Natural (VS) Artificial Selection
Natural selection means that nature “selects the traits it “desires”- those that help the organism survive and reproduce. Artificial selection is the deliberate selection of certain traits (by humans), ...* selective breeding
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Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection:
2 organism can’t occupy the same niche Niche Not all Survive Overproduction- to many offspring Variation- Decent with modification Competition- Competitive Exclusion “Survival of the fittest” “Best Adapted” Winner and Loser
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What is this an example of?
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Darwin’s Finches New species evolve from common ancestor
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Due to continental drift!!!!!
Geographic Isolation Geographic isolation: A population divided into or more populations. Due to continental drift!!!!!
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Lamark (vs) Darwin Lamark – traits are ACQUIRED (passed on from the parent) Darwin – Natural Selection Those with traits which help survival tend to survive and have more offspring, who inherit those traits.
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MUST KNOW Mutation- a natural change in an organism. Can be positive in some cases. Gene Flow is the process of genes moving in or out from one population to another. Non Random Mating occurs whenever individuals may choose partners. Genetic Drift is the process by which alleles frequencies (numbers) in a population change as a result of random events, or chance. Natural Selection Organisms whose traits are best suited to the environment experience better reproductive success and become more common. *Pass on genes.
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New Evidence- DNA Didn’t Fit Prokaryotes
Heterotrophs New Evidence- DNA Didn’t Fit Photosynthesis Prokaryotes
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Classification-Kingdoms
P P Heterotrophs Classification-Kingdoms Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Cladogram Phylogenic Tree
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Same Branch Cladogram Phylogenic Tree
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Which two are most closely related?
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Divisions Plants *Spores
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Germination Limiting Factors No Light in Soil Temperature Moisture
Requirements………….. Limiting Factors No Light in Soil Temperature Moisture Soil Germination does not require light , seeds are in the soil/dark.
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Phloem Transpiration
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How do plants conserve water?
Close their stomata
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Growth Water Meristem Food stomata SC.912.L.14.7 Plant Structure
STAMEN Pistil Chloroplast stomata Growth Water Meristem Food
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Vascular Tissue Water Nutrients Meristem- Growth ROOT HAIRS FOOD
Growth Occurs Here
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Water expands as it freezes and is less dense so it floats.
Properties of Water Water expands as it freezes and is less dense so it floats. Polar Adhesion Cohesion Capillary Action Surface Tension
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Capillary action- pulling of water up….
Adhesion and Cohesion Cohesion
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Non- Polar doesn’t mix…
WAXY Cuticle Water only dissolve other polar or slightly polar substances. Lipids are non-polar
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Reactants of one are the products of the other.
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Converts sunlight to chemical energy
Chloroplast
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Light Dark
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Anaerobic -Lactic Acid -Alcohol Respiration
Converts energy in food (glucose) to ATP Cellular Respiration Takes place in mitochondrion Releases the energy stored in glucose AKA aerobic respiration (NEEDS oxygen) Anaerobic -Lactic Acid -Alcohol
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Plants & Animals Plants
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Chloroplast Mitochondria Energy In & Stored Energy Released Plants & Animals Plants
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Kreb Cycle Electron Transport
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increases blood pressure.
Arteries Away - Veins towards. Systolic- Squeezing Diastolic- Resting Contractions of the Ventricle are responsible for Blood Pressure 120/80 sphygmomanometer Slows the flow – increases blood pressure.
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ATHERSCLEROSIS Blood Pressure
Viscosity (thickness)- increases resistance- slows the flow- increases blood pressure. Plaque- blocks arteries ( decreases diameter) slows the flow - increases blood pressure. Too mush salt, lack of exercise – fatty diet- increases blood pressure Blood Vessels Constrict – Increases blood pressure. ATHERSCLEROSIS Loss of blood volume- decreases blood pressure
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Effects of Exercise 1. Increases Heart Rate
2. Blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow. - carry more oxygen 3. As you exercise blood is directed to your muscles.
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Fast Slower Vaccine MEMORY CELLS
Innate (VS) Acquired Fast Slower Vaccine LONG TERM SHORT TERM MEMORY CELLS
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Active Passive 1st and 2nd 3rd Defense
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Produced by your own body - ACTIVE Specific Target an Antigen
Antigens- Antibodies Produced by your own body - ACTIVE Specific Target an Antigen
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Natural Selection in Bacteria
SUPER BUGS Antibiotic Resistance
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Antibiotics Only work on bacterial infections – NOT VIRUSES
Improved medicine and sanitation has decreased the number of transmittable diseases.
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Ovum & Hormones Fertilization Implantation
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Zygote- Fertilized Egg. Made of one cell
You need to know the process of human development from zygote to birth. Zygote- Fertilized Egg. Made of one cell Blastocyst-hollow ball of dividing cells, that implants in the Uterus
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Amniotic Sac - Protection Placenta Placenta- nourishes embryo Yolk Sac
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Brain and Heart (Beating)
Trimesters Lungs Putting on Weight Brain and Heart (Beating) Organs Form Boy or Girl Kicking Finger Nails, Eyebrows Body Weight Lungs fully Develop Head Down Z-B-E-F Boy or Girl Most Important
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* Pons & Medulla Oblongata make up the Brain Stem
F Cerebrum Cerebrum O T Cerebellum * Pons & Medulla Oblongata make up the Brain Stem
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P F Cerebrum O T Cerrebellum Pons Medulla Oblongata
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Disproves spontaneous generation
Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells. Unicellular & Multicellular Cells are the smallest unit of life. All cells come from other cells. Disproves spontaneous generation
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No Nucleus Unicellular COMPLEX ------ SIMPLE ARCHAE BACTERIA
EUBACTERIA- E. Coli.
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Endosymbyosis P E Simple to Complex
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Plant (vs) Animal Cell Plant Animal Cell Wall Centrioles Chloroplast
Larger Vacuole
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Chloroplast 11 “Photosynthesis” production of glucose and oxygen.
*Larger in Plants 11 “Photosynthesis” production of glucose and oxygen.
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Semi-permeable – Selectively permeable
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Quick Energy Stored Energy Cell Membrane Folded DNA & RNA
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Lipid-soluble (non-polar) substances pass through the membrane.
Fluid Mosaic Model Polar Non-Polar Lipid-soluble (non-polar) substances pass through the membrane.
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HIGH to LOW HIGH to LOW No Energy Energy
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Diffusion - movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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H2 Osmosis Diffusion of Water
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SAME SWELL SHRINK
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