1. Biology MYA REVIEW

2. Scientific Method
Variables –Independent - variable that is being tested (only one)
(manipulated)
Dependent - what is measured
(responding)
Fertilizer
Constants: - part(s) of the experiment that remain the same ex: amount of light, type of plant
Control Group: is a group which has all the characteristics of the experimental group except the one being tested (group that is not tested).

3. Microscopes
Compound
10x 4x
10x
Scanning Electron

5. Autotroph vs. Heterotroph
Obtain energy from the environment
Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
“Producers”
Obtain energy from other living things
“Consumers”

6. Types of Heterotrophs Herbivores – eat only plants (cows, turtle)
Carnivores (includes scavengers)– eat only animals (snakes, tiger)
Omnivores – eat both plants and animals (humans, bear)
Detritivores – eat dead matter or wastes (earthworms)
Decomposers – break down organic matter (fungi)
Scavengers: consume dead animals and plants.

7. Population Growth (B+I) – (D+ E)
Three factors can affect population size:
the number of births
the number of deaths
The number of individuals that-
Enter (immigration)
Exit (emigration)
A population can grow when its birthrate is greater than its death rate. BR>DR
(B+I) – (D+ E)

8. Populations
Emigration – Exit Immigration – In

9. Limiting Factors

10. Environmental Resistance/ Limiting Factors
Carrying Capacity
Environmental Resistance/ Limiting Factors

11. Predator Prey Cycles

12. Compete with native species Decrease in Biodiversity
Invasive Species
Python
Competition
Disrupt Food Web
Compete with native species
Decrease in Biodiversity

13. Symbiotic Relationships
Relationship between two organisms in which one benefits
Types:
Mutualism (+,+)
Parasitism (+,-)
Commensalism (+, o)

14. Ecosystem
Biomagnification: Pesticides such as DDT can magnify there way up
the food chain affecting the top predators the greatest.

15. The shorter the path the more efficient.
Food Web

16. Bacteria

17. BIOMASS #’s Energy Loss -----) 10% passed on
90% lost in the form of heat.
Tertiary Consumer
Energy Loss -----)
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer
BIOMASS
#’s

18. Water Cycle

19. Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis Removes CO2 Respiration Combustion
Decomposition

20. Succession Primary Secondary Begins with no life, no soil.
After Volcanic explosion or retiring glacier.
bare rock
Lichens and mosses.
Secondary
Follows a disturbance(natural disaster ex: hurricane or tornado or human activity ex: deforestation, farming
Soil is present
Grass
PIONEER
CLIMAX

21. Human Impact Habitat Loss=Loss of Biodiversity Deforestation
Human activities ALTER the environment.
Deforestation
Add CO2 to the Atmosphere.
Decrease water absorption
Increased erosion and flooding
Habitat Loss=Loss of Biodiversity

22. Salinity amount of salt in the water
Limiting Factors for the marine environment are?
Light
Nutrients
Oxygen
Temperature
Phytoplankton
A.K.A. Euphotic zone
Depth increase:
Temperature- __________
Pressure- _____________
# of Organisms- _________
Aphotic Zone
Salinity amount of
salt in the water

23. Photic & Aphotic Zones P R E
S S U
R E
Dissolved Oxygen

24. Habitat Loss=Loss of Biodiversity
Human activities ALTER the environment.
Acid Rain: damages water systems (Lakes), destroys aquatic life due to burning of fossil fuels
Deforestation: Clearing of the land…. Habitat destruction
Invasive Species
Ozone depletion from the release of CFCs
Fossil Fuels
Add CO2 to atmosphere leads to global climate change (GLOBAL WARMING)
Population Increase
Increase consumption & destruction
Loss of habitat
Loss of biodiversity
Habitat Loss=Loss of Biodiversity

25. * Million of years to form
Energy
Renewable
* In our lifetime
Non-Renewable
* Million of years to form
Biofuels
Fossil Fuels
Wind
Nuclear
Geothermal
Solar
*Key is to move away from non-renewable to renewable.

26. Gases present: Methane, ammonia, hydrogen, water vapor, nitrogen
Formed organic compounds (amino acids and other organics)

27. Macromolecules Lipid: Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (CHO)
Carbohydrate: Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (CHO)

28. Protein: Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (CHON)
Nucleic Acid: Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus (CHONP)

29. Origin of Life Events in Order
* Prokaryotes –No Nucleus
* Eukaryote- Nucleus
ARCHAE- (ancient) oldest form
Heterotrophic
Prokaryotic Anaerobes * Bacteria NO OXYGEN
Prokaryotic Aerobes * Blue Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) produced OXYGEN.
Single Cell Multicellular
Asexual Sexual (Diversity) *Evolution
Eukaryotic- Autotrophs – Plants
Eukaryotic – Heterotrophs - Animals
ENDOSYMBIOSIS

30. ENDOSYMBIOSIS
From Prokaryote to Eukaryote (simple to more complex life forms)
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Oxygen
Mitochondria
“Power House”
ENERGY
How Eukaryotes formed.

31. Can change with new evidence ARE NOT INTERCHANGABLE
Scientific Method
Variables –Independent - variable that is being tested (only one)
(manipulated)
Dependent - what is measured
(responding)
Time
Can change with new evidence
Fertilizer
Constants: - part(s) of the experiment that remain the same ex: amount of light, type of plant
Control Group: is a group which has all the characteristics of the experimental group except the one being tested (group that is not tested).
ARE NOT INTERCHANGABLE

32. Modern forms of life may have evolved from earlier life forms.

33. Evolution * COMMON ANCESTOR EMBRYOLOGY Vestigial Organs
Evidence of Evolution
Homologous Structures-
(same structure different function)
Vestigial Organs
(no longer functional)
same basic bones
(Whales –hip bones)
* In humans –APPENDIX & WISDOM TEETH
* Tail bone

34. Homologous structures may have different function, but will definitively have the same structure from a common ancestor.
SAME BONES

35. Different structure- same function and not from a common ancestor.
Analogous structures or convergent evolution.
This means that different animals with an same adaptation (e.g. birds with wings and moths with wings.)
Different structure- same function and not from a common ancestor.

36. Vestigial organs structure—a body structure in a present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor.
Hind leg bones on whale fossils
Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures?

37. Comparative embryology
Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story
similar structures during development.
Common Ancestor
all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development

38. The newest & most accurate form of
MOLECULAR (DNA)
The newest & most accurate form of
evidence.
GENES

39. Divergent & Convergent Evolution
HOMOLOGOUS
ANALOGOUS

40. Human Evolution Larger Brain- larger cranium (skull)
* cared for the elderly
* larger brain = language- tools
Face is flatter less protruding.
* Diet has changed - less jaw muscles =
Shorter jaw– no room for wisdom teeth
* Brow Ridge is less prominent

41. Might have to put skulls in order
3. Bipedalism- walking upright on two feet.
Can see further , freed up hands to carry things
4. Location of FORAMEN MAGNUM
-in humans is located towards the center of the skull
Might have to put skulls in order

42. Natural (VS) Artificial Selection
Natural selection means that nature “selects the traits it “desires”- those that help the organism survive and reproduce.
Artificial selection is the deliberate selection of certain traits (by humans), ...* selective breeding

43. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection:
2 organism can’t occupy the same niche
Niche
Not all Survive
Overproduction- to many offspring
Variation- Decent with modification
Competition- Competitive Exclusion
“Survival of the fittest” “Best Adapted”
Winner and Loser

44. What is this an example of?

45. Darwin’s Finches
New species evolve from common ancestor

46. Due to continental drift!!!!!
Geographic Isolation
Geographic isolation: A population divided into or more populations.
Due to continental drift!!!!!

47. Lamark (vs) Darwin
Lamark – traits are ACQUIRED (passed on from the parent)
Darwin – Natural Selection
Those with traits which help survival tend to survive and have more offspring, who
inherit those traits.

48. MUST KNOW
Mutation- a natural change in an organism. Can be positive in some cases.
Gene Flow is the process of genes moving in or out from one population to another.
Non Random Mating occurs whenever individuals may choose partners.
Genetic Drift is the process by which alleles frequencies (numbers) in a population change as a result of random events, or chance.
Natural Selection Organisms whose traits are best suited to the environment experience better reproductive success and become more common. *Pass on genes.

49. New Evidence- DNA Didn’t Fit Prokaryotes
Heterotrophs
New Evidence- DNA
Didn’t Fit
Photosynthesis
Prokaryotes

50. Classification-KingdomsP P
Heterotrophs
Classification-Kingdoms
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Cladogram
Phylogenic Tree

51. Same
Branch
Cladogram
Phylogenic Tree

52. Which two are most closely related?

53. Divisions Plants
*Spores

54. Germination Limiting Factors No Light in Soil Temperature Moisture
Requirements…………..
Limiting
Factors
No Light
in Soil
Temperature
Moisture
Soil
Germination does not require light , seeds are in the soil/dark.

55. Phloem
Transpiration

56. How do plants conserve water?
Close their stomata

57. Growth Water Meristem Food stomata SC.912.L.14.7 Plant Structure
STAMEN
Pistil
Chloroplast
stomata
Growth
Water
Meristem
Food

58. Vascular Tissue Water Nutrients Meristem- Growth ROOT HAIRS FOOD
Growth Occurs Here

59. Water expands as it freezes and is less dense so it floats.
Properties of Water
Water expands as it freezes and is less dense so it floats.
Polar
Adhesion
Cohesion
Capillary Action
Surface Tension

60. Capillary action- pulling of water up….
Adhesion and Cohesion
Cohesion

61. Non- Polar doesn’t mix…
WAXY
Cuticle
Water only dissolve other polar or
slightly polar substances.
Lipids are non-polar

62. Reactants of one are the products of the other.

63. Converts sunlight to chemical energy
Chloroplast

64. Light
Dark

65. Anaerobic -Lactic Acid -Alcohol Respiration
Converts energy in food (glucose) to ATP
Cellular Respiration
Takes place in mitochondrion
Releases the energy stored in glucose
AKA aerobic respiration (NEEDS oxygen)
Anaerobic
-Lactic Acid
-Alcohol

66. Plants & Animals Plants
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Energy In & Stored
Energy Released
Plants
& Animals
Plants

67. Kreb Cycle
Electron Transport

68. increases blood pressure.
Arteries Away -
Veins towards.
Systolic- Squeezing
Diastolic- Resting
Contractions of the Ventricle are responsible for Blood Pressure
120/80
sphygmomanometer
Slows the flow –
increases blood pressure.

69. ATHERSCLEROSIS Blood Pressure
Viscosity (thickness)- increases resistance- slows the flow- increases blood pressure.
Plaque- blocks arteries ( decreases diameter) slows the flow - increases blood pressure.
Too mush salt, lack of exercise – fatty diet- increases blood pressure
Blood Vessels Constrict – Increases blood pressure.
ATHERSCLEROSIS
Loss of blood volume- decreases blood pressure

70. Effects of Exercise 1. Increases Heart Rate
2. Blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow.
- carry more oxygen
3. As you exercise blood is directed
to your muscles.

71. Fast Slower Vaccine MEMORY CELLS
Innate (VS) Acquired
Fast
Slower
Vaccine
LONG TERM
SHORT TERM
MEMORY CELLS

72. Active
Passive
1st and 2nd
3rd Defense

73. Produced by your own body - ACTIVE Specific Target an Antigen
Antigens- Antibodies
Produced by
your own body
- ACTIVE
Specific
Target
an Antigen

74. Natural Selection in Bacteria
SUPER BUGS
Antibiotic Resistance

75. Antibiotics Only work on bacterial infections – NOT VIRUSES
Improved medicine and sanitation has decreased
the number of transmittable diseases.

77. Ovum &
Hormones
Fertilization
Implantation

78. Zygote- Fertilized Egg. Made of one cell
You need to know the process of human development from zygote to birth.
Zygote- Fertilized Egg. Made of one cell
Blastocyst-hollow ball of dividing cells, that implants in the Uterus

79. Amniotic
Sac - Protection
Placenta
Placenta-
nourishes embryo
Yolk Sac

80. Brain and Heart (Beating)
Trimesters
Lungs
Putting on Weight
Brain and Heart (Beating)
Organs Form
Boy or Girl
Kicking
Finger Nails, Eyebrows
Body Weight
Lungs fully Develop
Head Down
Z-B-E-F
Boy or Girl
Most Important

81. * Pons & Medulla Oblongata make up the Brain StemF
Cerebrum
Cerebrum O T
Cerebellum
* Pons & Medulla Oblongata make up the Brain Stem

82. P F
Cerebrum O T
Cerrebellum
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

84. Disproves spontaneous generation
Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells.
Unicellular & Multicellular
Cells are the smallest unit of life.
All cells come from other cells.
Disproves spontaneous generation

85. No Nucleus Unicellular COMPLEX ------ SIMPLE ARCHAE BACTERIA
EUBACTERIA- E. Coli.

86. Endosymbyosis P E
Simple to Complex

87. Plant (vs) Animal Cell Plant Animal Cell Wall Centrioles Chloroplast
Larger Vacuole

88. Chloroplast 11 “Photosynthesis” production of glucose and oxygen.
*Larger in Plants 11
“Photosynthesis” production of glucose and oxygen.

90. Semi-permeable – Selectively permeable

91. Quick Energy
Stored Energy
Cell Membrane
Folded
DNA & RNA

92. Lipid-soluble (non-polar) substances pass through the membrane.
Fluid Mosaic Model
Polar
Non-Polar
Lipid-soluble (non-polar) substances pass through the membrane.

93. HIGH to LOW
HIGH to LOW
No Energy
Energy

94. Diffusion - movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

95. H2
Osmosis
Diffusion of Water

96. SAME
SWELL
SHRINK