1. Chapter 1: Matter and Change

2. Chapter 1: Matter and Change -- Matter --
Anything that takes up space and has mass
Mass is the amount of particles something is made up of
Matter is subdivided into two major categories:
1. Substances
2. Mixtures

3. Chapter 1: Matter and Change -- Matter --
1. Substances
Have uniform and definite composition
Contain only one kind of matter
Properties of Substances
Physical properties
Qualities of substances that can be observed or measured WITHOUT changing the substance’s chemical composition
Examples
Color **Scientists use physical properties
Solubility to help them determine the identity of
Odor unknown substances**
Hardness
Density
Melting point
Boiling point

4. Chapter 1: Matter and Change -- Matter --
Chemical properties
The ability of a substance to undergo chemical reactions and form new substances
Examples
Rusting (reaction with oxygen) is a chemical property of iron.
Flammability is a chemical property of wood.
Reactivity with hydrochloric acid is a chemical property of sodium hydroxide.
Indications of chemical reactions
Energy absorbed or released (turning cold or hot)
Change in color or odor
Gas evolution (gas being produced from solids or liquids)
Irreversibility (cannot go back to original substances easily)

5. Chapter 1: Matter and Change -- Matter --
Law of Conservation of Mass
Scientific law that states that mass cannot be created or destroyed
Includes all gases, liquids, and solids involved in the chemical reaction

6. Chapter 1: Matter and Change -- Matter --
Physical states of matter
The same substance can exist in 3 different physical states
Solid
Liquid
Gas

7. Chapter 1: Matter and Change -- Matter --
Physical States of Matter
States of Matter
Property
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Example with water
Ice
Water
Steam
Volume
Definite volume
Indefinite volume
Expansion/
Compressibility
Some expansion but minimal
Some expansion when heated
Easily compressed and expanded
Shape
Definite shape
Shape depends on container
Specific notes
Gas: gaseous state of a substance NOT generally a
liquid or solid at room temperature (oxygen)
Vapor: gaseous state of a substance THAT IS
generally a liquid or solid at room
temperature (water)
Stopped here b 3 and 4

8. Chapter 1: Matter and Change -- Mixtures --
Physical blend of two or more substances
Classifications
Heterogeneous mixture
A mixture that is NOT uniform in composition
Example: salad
Portions differ from other portions
i.e. not every bite will have the same number of tomatoes and cucumbers
Homogeneous mixture
A mixture that IS uniform in composition
Example: saltwater
Portions the same as other portions
i.e. every mouthful of saltwater will taste just as salty as the next
Solution
Special name of a homogeneous mixture
Can be any combination of gases, liquids and solids

9. Chapter 1: Matter and Change -- Mixtures --
Types of solutions
Gas-gas: carbon dioxide and oxygen (air)
Liquid-gas: water vapor in air (moist air)
Gas-liquid: carbon dioxide in water (soda)
Liquid-liquid: acetic acid in water (vinegar)
Solid-liquid: salt in water (saltwater)
Solid-solid: copper in silver (sterling silver)
Separating mixtures
Distillation
What is the difference between distilled and tap water?
Magnetism
Filters
How many of you have used filter paper?

10. Chapter 1: Matter and Change
Elements and Compounds

11. Chapter 1: Matter and Change -- Elements and Compounds --
Simplest form of matter that CANNOT be chemically broken down further.
Can be found on the Periodic Table of Elements
Building blocks for all other substances
Atoms are each classified by names of elements
Examples
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Sodium (Na)
Lead (Pb)
Copper (Cu)
Cobalt (Co)

12. Chapter 1: Matter and Change -- Elements and Compounds --
Substance that CAN be separated into simpler substances by chemical means
Two or more elements that chemically combine with one another
Examples
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Acetone (CH3COCH3)
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
**NOTICE THAT EACH OF THESE COMPOUNDS CONTAINS AT LEAST ONE ELEMENT FROM THE PERIODIC TABLE**

13. Chapter 1: Matter and Change -- Elements and Compounds --
Symbol
One- or two-letter representation for an element
Letters for symbol are generally English, Latin, or Greek in origin
Examples
Na (Latin from natrium for “sodium”)
Au (Latin from aurum for “gold”)
He (English for “helium”)
Pb (Greek from plumbum for “lead”)

14. Chapter 2: Matter and Change -- Classifying Matter --