1. Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components

2. Framing/Construction Techniques
General Terms & Methodology
Platform Framing
Balloon Framing
Energy-Efficient Framing
Post & Beam(Timber)
Steel Framing
Concrete Masonry Construction
Floor Framing Terms
Wall Framing Terms
Exterior Finishes

3. General Exterior Wall Construction
Walls support vertical loads from
roof
ceiling
floors
Must also resist later forces due to
wind
earthquakes

4. Typical Wall Construction
One and two story framing
Generally walls are 2” x 16” O.C.
Occasionally 2” x 16”, 19.2” and 24” O.C. associated with cold climates
Three story framing(load bearing walls)
lower floor = 2” x 16” O.C.
other floors = 2” x 16” O.C.

5. Platform Framing 1. Also called Western Framing 2. Most common today
Ceiling Joist
Platform Framing
Rafter
or Truss
Subfloor
1. Also called Western Framing
2. Most common today
3. Platform provide area to build walls
Blocking
Dbl Plate
Floor Joist
“Platform Framing”
Sway Bracing
(corner bracing)
Girder
Ledger
Floor Joist
Sill
Foundation
Sheathing

6. Balloon Framing 1. Studs extend from sill to roof line 2. Also called
Eastern Framing
3. Terms similar to Platform Framing.
4. Additional Terms: Ribbon Firestop
Balloon Framing
Two story length studs

7. Balloon Framing Terms
Ribbon
Firestop

8. Balloon Framing Used primarily for 2 story construction
Less chance of shrinkage or movement
recommended for masonry veneer & stucco
2nd floor supported by wall with
let-in 1x4 called a ribbon
Less overall material
Longer members usually more costly
Firestop blocking and ribbons required

9. Framing Construction at Corners
3 full studs
good with super insulated buildings
3 full studs and blocking
3 full studs and 1/2” shim
Two studs and dry wall clips (see class sample)

10. Energy-Efficient Framing
Advanced framing techniques (AFT)
Altering traditional framing methods
see text for examples
Eliminate nonstructural wood with insulation (Wood = R1/inch, Insulation = R3.5 to R8.3/inch)
insulation at corners, insulation at exterior wall behind partition intersections, and insulated headers
Stud spacing (24” OC)
One level height limitation set by code
Structural insulated panels (SIP)

11. Post & Beam(Timber) beam T&G planks 2x6 or 2x8
1. Relatively new and less common in residential construction
2. Larger members placed further apart
3. Used in heavy timber construction for years
post
Beam and Post
typically 8’ OC

12. Post &Beam Construction
Provides vaulted (sloped) ceilings and a more open feeling in the space T

13. Post and Beam Framing using Tongue & Groove Planking
Used for Roof or Floor when structure is space 24” or more O.C.

14. Steel Framing Alternate method of framing
lower energy cost
higher strength
better insurance rates and considerations
Similar to platform framing in construction
steel studs
base/plates
steel trusses

15. Concrete Masonry Construction
Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)
durable, economical material, excellent structural values, poor insulation values
Classifications
hollow
load bearing (ASTM C 90)
solid load-bearing
nonload-bearing (solid or hollow)
Solid Masonry = 75% solid material in cross-section
positions: solider, rowlock, sailor, stretcher, header shiner

16. Concrete Masonry Shapes

17. Solid Masonry (Brick) Positions

18. Structural Components
Floor Systems
conventional framing (Stick Built)
terminology
Floor Bracing
Mid span
End bracing
Framed Wall Construction
bearing walls
nonbearing walls
exterior finishes

19. Conventional Floor Framing
Conventional (Stick) framing basic terms
mud sill
sole plate(sill)
floor joist
rim joist
anchor bolt
Floor Joist
Solid
TJI
Open web

20. Floor Bracing
End Bracing
Rim Joist
Blocking

21. Floor Bracing Bracing at midspan solid blocking cross blocking wood
metal

22. Framed Wall Construction
Definition: Bearing walls
Definition: Nonbearing walls

23. Window/Door Framing Terms
Double Plate
Window/Door Framing Terms
Cripple Stud
or Jack Stud
Header
Header
supports structure above windows
Header Jack (trimmer)
supports header
Cripple Studs (jack stud)
Double Plate
Rough Sill(sub sill)
King stud
additional stud to trim out window
Header Jack or Trimmer

24. Framed Wall Construction Shear Wall Design
Resistance to lateral forces resulting from earthquakes or wind
Connections:
1 sheathing to joist
2 joist to top wall
3 edge nailing
4 tie-down straps
5 anchor/shear bolts

25. Exterior Finishes Wood Siding Cement Board Siding Steel Siding
Vinyl Siding
Stucco
Exterior Insulation Finish System (EIFS)

26. Wood Siding Various sizes and Shapes Solid wood T1-11(plywood)
4’x8’ sheets
Masonnite Lapboard
8-12” x 16’

27. Cement Board Siding
Has texture and look of wood siding but is more weather resistant.

28. Steel & Vinyl Siding Higher in Cost and Lower in Maintenance
no painting
A variety of wood textures and patterns
Longer lasting than wood but some Concerns:
expansion
denting
cracking
rusting

29. Cement Stucco Least expensive sheathing vs. open frame building paper
wire fabric lath
furring nails
drip screed
3 coats of plaster
finish
brown
scratch

30. Exterior Insulated Finish System (EIFS)

31. Roof Construction Basic terms: slope/pitch--incline of roof
roof member terms--structure of roof
eave/cornice--detail showing wall to roof const
fascia--visible member attached to end of rafters
ridge--top of roof
sheathing--material covering the top of rafters
rafter/ceiling joist--structure framing of roof
soffit--underneath side of roof overhang
vents--in soffit, allows air circulation in attic

32. Eave and Cornice Detail Terms

33. Slope vs. Pitch Slope = Rise/Run Pitch = Rise/Span
Text book error (noted as pitch symbol)
Slope = Rise/Run
expressed as a ratio
always a base of 12
placed on dwg.
Slope symbol 12 4
Pitch = Rise/Span
expressed as fraction
reduce to smallest fraction
not placed on drawing, helpful to carpenter

34. Roof Member Terminology
VALLEY JACK RAFTER

35. Metal Framing Connectors
Keeps structural members from separating