1. Chapter 12 Chapters 13-15 included
Diversity of Life
Chapter 12
Chapters included

2. Organizing Life on Earth
To make sense out of life’s diversity organisms are classified and named based on their characteristics
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history and the relationships among a species or group of species
Systematics
The study of organisms with the purpose of deriving their relationships
Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms

3. Organizing Life on Earth
Taxonomy is based on the work of Karl von Linne (Linnaeus)
Organisms are grouped based on shared characteristics
Individual organisms are identified as a species
Morphologically different from other groups
Do not interbreed with other groups

4. Organizing Life on Earth
Taxonomy
One or more species which share characteristics are placed in a group called a taxon (plural is taxa)
The first taxon is the genus
Each species is assigned a name based on their genus plus a descriptive specific epithet
Genus species
Italics
The genus is capitalized, species is not
Binomial naming system designed by Linneaus

5. Organizing Life on Earth
Taxonomy
Taxa are then placed in broader more inclusive categories (still based on shared characteristics

7. Organizing Life on Earth
Taxonomy
The levels of taxa from the most inclusive/broad to the most exclusive are:
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

8. Organizing Life on Earth
Taxonomy of a house fly
From most exclusive or specific to the most inclusive
Species = Musca domestica

9. Organizing Life on Earth
Taxonomy of a house fly
From most exclusive or specific to the most inclusive
Species = Musca domestica
Genus: Musca

10. Organizing Life on Earth
Taxonomy of a house fly
From most exclusive or specific to the most inclusive
Species = Musca domestica
Genus = Musca
Family = Muscidae

11. Organizing Life on Earth
Taxonomy of a house fly
From most exclusive or specific to the most inclusive
Species = Musca domestica
Genus = Musca
Family = Muscidae
Order = Diptera

12. Organizing Life on Earth
Taxonomy of a house fly
From most exclusive or specific to the most inclusive
Species = Musca domestica
Genus = Musca
Family = Muscidae
Order = Diptera
Class = Insecta

13. Organizing Life on Earth
Taxonomy of a house fly
From most exclusive or specific to the most inclusive
Species = Musca domestica
Genus = Musca
Family = Muscidae
Order = Diptera
Class = Insect
Phylum = Arthropoda

14. Organizing Life on Earth
Taxonomy of a house fly
From most exclusive or specific to the most inclusive
Species = Musca domestica
Genus = Musca
Family = Muscidae
Order = Diptera
Class = Insect
Phylum = Arthropoda
Kingdom = Animalia

15. Organizing Life on Earth
Taxonomy of a house fly
From most exclusive or specific to the most inclusive
Species = Musca domestica
Genus = Musca
Family = Muscidae
Order = Diptera
Class = Insect
Phylum = Arthropoda
Kingdom = Animalia
Domain = Eukarya

16. Determining Evolutionary Relationships
Organisms that share similar physical features (morphology) and genetic sequences tend to be more closely related than those that do not
Homologies
Features overlap morphologically and genetically
Arrangement of bones in the wing of a bird and the arm of a human

17. Determining Evolutionary Relationships
Organisms that share similar physical features (morphology) and genetic sequences tend to be more closely related than those that do not
Analogies
Characteristic is superficially similar, but is not genetically similar
Comparison of wings between birds and insects
Lead to mis-classification of organisms

18. Determining Evolutionary Relationships
Molecular comparisons
Relatedness is now determined on more than just morphology
Cell type, cell wall, reproduction, nutrition, motility, etc.
Most importantly—genetic similarities
Genetic relatedness
Genetic information is compared
Species A: AACTAGCGCGAT
Species B: AACTAGCGCCAT
Species C: T T CTAGCGG TAT
Shows evolutionary relatedness (phylogenetic)

19. Determining Evolutionary Relationships
Molecular comparisons
Genetic analysis of many organisms resulted in three distinct lineages or Domains
Bacteria
Archae
Eukarya

20. Questions What is the correct way to write a scientific binomial name?
What is taxonomy?
Which is the most inclusive taxon?
Which is the most exclusive taxon?
Give an example of a homology
Name one domain

21. Phylogenetic Tree Cladogram (a type of phylogenetic tree)
Depicts relatedness of organisms which are arranged on “branches”
Those close to one another are more closely related

22. Phylogenetic Tree Cladogram
Branch points represent where a single lineage evolved into distinct new ones
Common ancestor is represented by the single branch point at the base

23. Phylogenetic Tree Cladogram
Organisms are indicated at the end of each branched line
Closely related: Rabbit and Lizard/3 and 4
Less closely related: Rabbit and Lancelet/1 and 5

24. Phylogenetic Tree Cladogram
Significant character changes are indicated
Must be quantifiable and heritable (Physical, behavioral, physiological, or molecular trait)

25. Phylogenetic Tree Cladogram
Shared ancestral character (symplesiomorphy)
All members of the lineage have this character
Vertebral column/Letter A

26. Phylogenetic Tree Cladogram
Shared derived characters (synapomorphies) are traits that
Arose since common ancestry
Define each branching point
Hinged jaw, legs, etc/Letters B-H

27. Phylogenetic Tree Cladogram
Outgroup shares only the ancestral character (symplesiomorphy)
Derived characters (synapomorphies) arose later evolutionarily
Lancelet/#5
Clade: groups (taxa) that share a synapomorphy

28. Phylogenetic Tree Cladogram
Idealy taxonomists will be able to create monophylogentic cladograms containing
A common ancestor
All the descendants
Many cladograms are still either poly- or para-phylogenetic as there is missing information about species, relatedness, and evolutionary history

29. Questions Symplesiomorphy Single ancestor and all its descendants
Synapomorphy Groups that share a synapomorphy
Outgroup Character common to all members of a lineage
Character Shares only the first character with the other group members
Monophylogenetic Character which has arisen since common ancestry with the outgroup
Clade Similar traits used to group organisms

30. Dichotomous Key Dichotomous keys are used to identify organisms
Consist of a series of questions
Each question has two possible answers
Based on the answer, you will be directed to the next question or given the name of the organism

31. Dichotomous Key
1. Sex female  Sex male
2. Hair color red Sally   Not red
3. Hair blond Julie   Hair black
4. Glasses Deanna   No glasses Leslie
5. High-tops Joseph   not high-tops
6. Hair blond Michael   Hair brown David
Who is the male student with brown hair wearing cowboy boots?
Start at #1: because he is male, we need to go to # 5
#5: his shoes are not high-tops, go to #6
#6: brown hair would lead us to the name David

32. Dichotomous Key
1. Sex female  Sex male
2. Hair color red Sally   Not red
3. Hair blond Julie   Hair black
4. Glasses Deanna   No glasses Leslie
5. High-tops Joseph   not high-tops
6. Hair blond Michael   Hair brown David
Imagine that you meet a blond male member of this class wearing sandals. Who is it?
Imagine that his girl friend has black hair but doesn't wear glasses. Who is he dating?

33. Biodiversity Characters used to differentiate Domains and Kingdoms
Type of cell
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, are very small, and are simple
Domains Archaea and Bacteria
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, tend to be larger, and are complex with multiple organelles and cellular structures
Domain Eukarya
Presence or absence of a cell wall
Material used to build the cell wall
Uni- or multi- cellular

34. Biodiversity Characters used to differentiate Domains and Kingdoms
Nutrition (how they acquire energy)
Autotroph or heterotroph
Motility
Can they move on their own
What method do they use for movement

35. Biodiversity Characters used to differentiate Domains and Kingdoms
Mode of reproduction
Sexual, asexual, both
Life cycle

36. Archaebacteria Domain Archae: Kingdom Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic cells with a cell wall (built with pseudomurine or other)
Microscopic uni-cellular organisms
Many are autotrophs
chemosynthesis and some forms of photosynthesis
Those that can move use flagella
Reproduce asexually using prokaryotic fission

37. Archaebacteria Classification is based on Extreme habitats Physiology
Halophiles
Thermophiles
Physiology
Energy source
Two types of archaebacteria from a hydrothermal vent

38. Bacteria Domain Bacteria: Kingdom Bacteria
Prokaryotic cells with a cell wall (built with peptidoglycan)
Microscopic uni-cellular organisms
Diverse forms of acquiring energy
Those that can move use flagella mostly
Reproduce asexually using prokaryotic fission

39. Bacteria Classification is based on Form of nutrition Habitat Shape
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Habitat
Shape
Coccus
Bacillus
Spirillium

40. Bacteria Classification is based on Gram stain
A staining method that results in two different colors depending on the thickness of the bacteria’s cell wall
Thick = Purple (called Gram+)
Thin = Pink (called Gram-)

42. Protista Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista Eukaryotic cells
Some protists have cell walls (constructed with a variety of molecules)
They do not represent a monophylogenetic group
Taxonomy is changing
All of Domain Eukarya can be divided into six supergroups containing all the protists, animals, plants, and fungi

43. Protista Most are microscopic and uni-cellular
Even though unseen, they play a significant role in life
Photosynthesis
Diatoms
Green, red, and brown algae
Diseases
Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness, Chagas Disease, and Leishmaniasis
Plasmodium causes malaria

44. Protista Most are microscopic and uni-cellular
Even though unseen, they play a significant role in life
Pond life
Paramecium
Commercial use
Diatomaceous earth
Toothpaste, reflective paint
Carrageenan
Gelling, thickening, stabilizing
Agar

45. Plantae Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotic cells
cell walls constructed with cellulose
Plants are multi-cellular and macroscopic
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Non-motile
Reproduce sexually
Form spores or seeds

46. Plantae Classification is based on Absence or presence of
Vascular tissues
Conduct water (xylem) and photosynthesized sugars (phloem) through the plant
Seeds
Flowers and fruit

47. Plantae Taxa of the Plantae Bryophytes Mosses: simple small plants
No vascular tissue, seeds, or flowers

48. Plantae Taxa of the Plantae Ferns Have vascular tissue
No seeds or flowers

49. Plantae Taxa of the Plantae Gymnosperms (evergreen, cone bearing)
Have vascular tissue and seeds (develop in cones)
No flowers or fruit

50. Plantae Taxa of the Plantae Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Have vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers and fruit

51. Fungi Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic cells
cell walls constructed with chitin
Some fungi are microscopic but most are larger
Most are multicelled
Yeasts are uni-cellular
Heterotrophs
Non-motile
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Release spores following reproduction

52. Fungi Important impacts of fungi Disease Ecosystems Food Mold Mycoses
Ring worm
Coccidiodomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Ecosystems
Decomposition
Lichens (fungus + algae)
Food
Yeast (bread, fermentation)
Mushrooms

53. Animalia Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic cells
No cell walls
Range in size from microscopic rotifers up to the blue whale
All are multicellular
Heterotrophs
Movement based on contractile tissues (muscles) and a skeleton
Reproduce sexually
Form ova and sperm for reproduction
A few species can reproduce asexually

54. Animalia Classification is based on Level of development Symmetry
tissues, organs, organ systems
Symmetry
Type of skeleton
Several other criteria

55. Animalia Taxa of animalia Sponges Cnidarians Flat worms Round worms
Simplest and least complex
Cnidarians
Jelly fish, anemones
Flat worms
Tape worms
Round worms
Hook worms, filarial worms, ascaris
Segmented worms
Earthworm

56. Animalia Taxa of animalia Mollusca Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata
Clams, snails, squid
Arthropoda
Spiders, crustaceans, insects
Echinodermata
Sea Stars, Sea Urchins
Chordata
Vertebrates
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

57. Questions Archaebacteria Chitin cell walls Bacteria Photosynthetic
Protista Peptidoglycan cell walls
Plantae Extreme habitats
Fungi No cell walls
Animalia Includes plasmodium which causes malaria

58. Summary Classification Nomenclature Taxonomy Biodiversity Kingdoms
Dichotomous keys
Cladograms
Biodiversity
Kingdoms