1. 8th Grade FCAT Review Physical Science: Matter

2. Atomic Theory
Atoms are the smallest units of matter (for now).
All matter is made up of atoms.
The different ways atoms combine contribute to the diversity of all living and nonliving things.
Trees, Dogs, DNA, Rocks, Metals, Water, People, etc.
When atoms combine in different ways, they form compounds.
Certain atom combinations make certain compounds.

3. Atomic Structure - negative electric charge
Nucleus has most of the mass
Protons
- positive electric charge
- = Atomic (top) number
- how many determines what
element
Neutrons
- no electric charge
- = AMU (bottom) – Atomic (top)
Numbers
Electron
- negative electric charge
- mass is almost 0
- The electron number of neutral atoms is = to the proton number.
- flies around the nucleus at almost the speed of light

4. Phases of Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (volume).
All matter is made up of atoms.
The phase/state that the matter is in depends on how the atoms are behaving.
Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between particles

5. Solids Definite SHAPE, VOLUME, and MASS
Atoms of solids are tightly packed together.
Atoms of solids have slight vibrating movement.
Low Kinetic energy
To change a solid you can add heat/thermal/kinetic energy
Melt (solid to liquid)
Sublimation (solid to gas)

6. Liquids Definite VOLUME and MASS. No definite SHAPE
Atoms of liquids are loosely
held together.
Atoms of liquids have fluid movement.
Mid-level Kinetic energy
To change a liquid you can add or remove heat/thermal/kinetic energy
Adding energy - Boiling/ evaporation (liquid to gas)
Removing energy – Freezing (Liquid to solid)

7. Gases Definite Mass. No definite SHAPE or VOLUME.
Atoms of gases bounce off
each other and expand to fill a
given space.
Atoms of gases have very
rapid continuous movement.
High Kinetic energy
To change a gas you can add or remove heat/thermal/kinetic energy
Adding energy – change to plasma (superheated gas)
Removing energy – Condensation (Gas to Liquid)

8. Organization of Matter – The Periodic Table
As you move from left to right, the elements go from being highly reactive/unstable to being nonreactive/stable.
Alkali Metals (Group 1) – most reactive and unstable
The Noble gases (Group 18)- stable and nonreactive
Each period begins with an element that has 1 valence electron and ends with an element that has 8 valence electrons.
This repeating pattern means that the elements within a group always have the same number of valence electrons.
As a result, the elements in each group have similar properties.

9. Classification of Matter
Atom = all matter
Molecule = multiple atoms
Compounds = multiple same molecules
Mixture = Multiple different molecules
Homogeneous: looks the same, can’t easily separate (solution)
Heterogeneous: looks different, can separate

10. Solutions
Some homogeneous mixtures are made of chemicals that are able to dissolve. They are soluble.
In a solution the smallest portion is the solute: Salt in saltwater
In a solution the larger portion is the solvent: Water in saltwater
A solution with a little solute is dilute: 1 drop on Mio in a bottle of water
A solution with a lot of solute is concentrated: 20 drops of Mio in a bottle of water

11. Acid and Base Solutions
Acid – low pH (0-6), makes H3O (hydronium) in solution
Base – high pH (8-14), makes OH (hydroxide) in solution
Salt – When an acid and a base combine and neutralize, pH around 7
pH scale- KNOW HOW TO READ IT!!!!
Basic

12. WHY ARE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES USEFUL?
Harness, texture, flammability, and color are all examples of properties of matter.
Characteristic properties of matter can be used to identify unknown substances.
Density, magnetism, melting and boiling points, and the ability to conduct heat and electricity are some properties that hold true, regardless of the amount of the sample.
PHYSIVAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
Luster-shiny and reflective
Malleable- a material that can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets or other shapes (aka bendable).
Ductile- material that can be pulled out, or drawn, into long wires.
Thermal conductivity- ability of an object to transfer heat.
Electrical conductivity- ability to carry electric current.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS
Most nonmetal are poor conductors of electric current and heat.
Solid nonmetals tend to be dull and brittle.
Many nonmetals are gases at room temp.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Ability to corrode, ability to rust, ability to decompose, cooking, baking, burning.

13. Physical and Chemical Changes
PHYSICAL CHANGE
Any change that alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not change into another substance.
E.g. Cutting Paper
CHEMICAL CHANGE
A change in matter that produces one or more new substances is a chemical change.
Burning and rusting are both chemical changes.
E.g. Burning Paper
The substance that goes through the chemical change = reactant
The new substance that forms = product

14. Physical vs. Chemical Properties
Flammability
Conducts heat/electricity
Density
Ability to rust
Boiling Point
Which properties shown above are physical properties? Why are they considered physical?

15. Physical vs Chemical Changes
Which images above are examples of physical changes and which are chemical changes? How do you know?
SC.8.P.9.2

16. Laws of Conservation of Mass
Matter is never created nor destroyed
When chemical and physical changed occur in chemistry, even though it may appear that way, the mass going into the reaction is equal to the mass coming out.
The chemical changes may make this hard to see. Ex. Burning wood, corrosion of metals, etc.
Recall that Earth is a system made up of the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
According to the conservation laws, the total amount of energy in the Earth system stays constant.
When the organisms die, their matter is returned to the soil, the atmosphere, or other parts of the Earth system.
Then the cycle starts again with other organisms.

17. Sample Question Susie is completing the table shown below: Column A
Column B Na
NaCl Ca
CaCl2 Fe
Fe2O3 Pb
PbN6
What are the best headings for columns A and B?
Column A: Atoms
Column B: Mixtures
B. Column A: Molecules
Column B: Atoms
Column A: Elements
Column B: Compounds
D. Column A: Atoms
Column B: Elements

18. Sample Question
After a particularly rainy spring, Kristen and Amanda could no longer bear to stay indoors and, with the first sign of fair weather, ventured outside for a walk through the park. As they passed the jungle gym, they noticed that the iron monkey bars looked different. What can you do to pure, solid iron to chemically change it?
A. cut it
B. melt it
C. bend it
D. oxidize it

19. Sample Question
The elements iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and mercury (Hg) are classified as metals. Which physical property of metals do they all share?
A. They are all magnetic
B. They are all a shiny, reddish color.
C. They all have the same melting points.
D. They all have thermal and electrical conductivity.

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