1. Ethnicity and Race Chapter 11 Anthony Giddens Mitchell Duneier
Richard P. Appelbaum

2. Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts
What Is Ethnicity?
Ethnicity refers to cultural practices and outlooks of a given community
Emerged historically; set people apart
Race refers to physical characteristics that are treated by members of a community or society as signaling distinct cultural characteristics
No distinct characteristics exist that can be allocated to different races
Many popular beliefs about race are untrue

3. Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts
Racism and Antiracism
Racism is prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions
Racists believe some are superior or inferior to others based on race
Institutional racism refers to policies promoted by institutions discriminating against certain groups
Antiracism refers to thought or action taken to eradicate racism

4. World in Change 1

5. World in Change 2

6. World in Change 3

7. Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts
Psychological Interpretations of
Prejudice and Discrimination
Displacement and scapegoating are psychological mechanisms associated with prejudice and discrimination
In displacement, feelings of hostility are directed against objects that are not the real origin of anxieties
People project anxieties and insecurities onto scapegoats

8. Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts
Psychological Interpretations of
Prejudice and Discrimination (cont)
Prejudice involves holding preconceived views about an individual or group
Stereotypical thinking is thinking in inflexible terms
Discrimination refers to behavior that prevents members of a group from having opportunities that are open to others

9. Ethnic Relations Why Has Racism Flourished?
Europeans established exploitative relations with conquered peoples
Opposition between the colors of white and black as cultural symbols is deeply rooted in European culture
Concept of race has been invented and diffused

10. Global Map 11.1

11. Ethnic Relations Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations
Four models of possible developments in race and ethnic relations:
Assimilation
Anglo-conformity
Melting pot
Merging cultures
Pluralism
Ethnic groups exist separately but participate in larger society’s economic and political life
Multiculturalism
Ethnic groups exist separately and equally

12. Global Map 11.2

13. Global Map 11.3

14. Global Migration Immigration and Emigration
Immigration is the movement of people into a country to settle
Emigration is the process by which people leave a country to settle in another

15. Global Migration Migration Patterns
Four tendencies that will characterize migration patterns in coming years:
Acceleration: migration occurring in greater numbers
Diversification: most countries receive immigrants of many different types
Globalization: migration involves greater number of countries
Feminization: growing number of migrants are women

16. Global Migration Global Diasporas
All diasporas share certain key features:
Forced or voluntary movement from homeland to new region(s)
Shared memory about homeland, commitment to its preservation, belief in possibility of return
Strong ethnic identity sustained through time
Sense of solidarity
Degree of tension in relation to host societies
Potential for valuable contributions to pluralistic host societies

17. Ethnic Relations in the United States
Ethnic Diversity
Remarkable diversity of ethnic minorities in the United States today
Each group has distinctive cultural characteristics
Some of the most important groups are blacks, Native Americans, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Chinese, and Japanese

18. Fig. 11.1

19. Table 11.1

20. Fig top

21. Fig bottom

22. Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Gender and Race
Gender discrimination compounds the difficulties facing women of color
Minority women have a need to produce income despite receiving unequal pay
About half of African American and Latino families that depend on women’s incomes live in poverty

23. Fig. 11.3

24. Fig. 11.4

25. Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Understanding Racial Inequality
There is an important distinction between minorities that came to America as willing immigrants and those that came as colonized peoples
Racism targeted at the latter groups has been more persistent and destructive
William Julius Wilson argues that race is of diminishing importance and inequalities are now based on class

26. (Insert Fig 11.19)

27. Review Questions
1. _______ refers to cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and set people apart.
Ethnicity
Situational ethnicity
Race
Symbolic ethnicity
Answer: A
Reference: Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts
Type: Vocabulary

28. Review Questions 2. Institutional racism can be defined as _________.
the promotion, by governmental, educational, or corporate institutions, of policies that favor certain groups while discriminating against others
subtle or overt efforts to prevent minority-owned companies from participating in the marketplace on an equal footing with white-owned companies
a system of domination operating in social processes and social institutions as well as in individual consciousness
the process by which large social institutions use understandings of race to classify individuals or groups
Answer: A
Reference: Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts
Type: Vocabulary

29. Review Questions
3. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice involves individuals, while discrimination affects entire groups.
Prejudice is linked with the psychological mechanism of displacement, while discrimination is grounded in stereotyping.
Prejudice refers to opinions or attitudes, while discrimination refers to behavior.
Prejudice is innate, while discrimination is learned.
Answer: C
Reference: Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts
Type: Factual

30. Review Questions
4. Pluralism is a model of ethnic relations in which ________________.
numerous ethnic cultures live separately yet participate in the larger society’s economic and political life
numerous ethnic cultures live separately and do not engage with the larger sociocultural framework
numerous ethnic cultures interact and merge, creating a new culture with characteristics from each of its contributors
numerous ethnic cultures vie for power and domination within one large sociocultural framework
Answer: A
Reference: Ethnic Relations
Type: Vocabulary

31. Review Questions
5. Which of the following is an explanation for the income gap between blacks and whites?
Blacks experience a higher rate of unemployment than whites.
A higher proportion of whites than blacks graduate from college.
The incarceration rate for black males is much higher than for white males.
All of the above
Answer: D
Reference: Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Type: Factual

32. Review Questions
6. What distinguishes African Americans and Native Americans from many other racial minorities and immigrant groups in the United States?
Both groups launched nonviolent demonstrations in the 1950s and 1960s to demand their full rights as citizens.
Both groups experience very high levels of alcoholism.
Both groups were forcibly subjugated to the rule of whites.
Both groups have demonstrated a high level of creativity in their response to their oppression.
Answer: C
Reference: Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Type: Factual

33. Review Questions
7. The sociologist William Julius Wilson has argued that discrimination and disadvantages based on _______ are now just as important as those based on ________ in explaining the persistently high rates of poverty in black communities.
class; lack of education
race; class
lack of education; race
class; race
Answer: D
Reference: Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Type: Factual