2. Chapter 5 Languages
Say Hello!

4. Thinking About Language
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5. Thinking Like A Geographer
Human geographers believe that language is essential to the way societies grow and change because it is the way cultural values are communicated.
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What does this video make you think about the power of words?

6. Key Issue 1
Where Are Languages Distributed?

7. Language Language
language- system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning.
literary tradition- system of written communication.
official language- designated by a country and used for official documents and public objects. Examples road signs, ballots, money

8. Classifying Language: How Will YOU Remember?
Got (a) Lucky Day
AWAY

9. Classification of Languages
families: collection of languages related through a common ancestral language
branches: collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language. Differences are not as significant or as old as between families.
groups: collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display similar grammar and vocabulary.

10. Groups = Divided Branches
Languages = Leaves
Groups = Divided Branches
Families = Trunks
Branches = Branches
Roots =
Prehistoric super families

11. Atlas Alert
Use the next slide to label and color the “Languages” map in your World Atlas!
“Let It Go” in 25 languages
Complete your map by November 18th

12. Distribution: Language Families
LOOK! White areas are the really the yellow Indo-European regions

13. Who Speaks What?
⅔ of the world’s population speak a language that belongs to the Indo-European or Sino-Tibetan language family.
2% to 6% of the world’s population speak a language that fits into one of seven other language families.
Remainder of population speaks a language belonging to one of 100 smaller families.

14. The World’s 3 Most Widely-Spoken Languages

15. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan
Predominate language family in Europe, South Asia, North America and Latin America.
Sino-Tibetan
Spoken in the People’s Republic of China and several smaller countries in Southeast Asia.
No single Chinese language
Mandarin is the most-used language in the world and the official language of both the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan.

16. Sino-Tibetan Family Uses Ideograms/Logograms
Written structure of the Chinese language symbols words (or parts of words) rather than sounds.

17. Other East & SE Asian Language Families
Austronesian (Indonesia)
Austro-Asiatic (Vietnam)
Tai Kadai (Thailand)
Japanese (Japan)
Korean (Korean peninsula)

18. Thinking Like a Geographer
How did the physical geography in this region affect the diffusion and diversity of languages found here?

19. SW Asia, North Africa, & Central Asia Language Families
Afro-Asiatic (Arabic language of SW Asia/North Africa)
Altaic (Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan.)
Uralic (Estonia, Finland, Hungary)

20. African Language Families
More than 1,000 distinct languages have been documented- many lack a written tradition.
Niger-Congo (95% of all people in sub-Saharan Africa)
Nilo-Saharan (North- Central Africa)
Khoisan (“Clicking Languages”)

21. Hakuna Matata!
NOTE!
Swahili is part of the Niger-Congo Spoken by 30 MILLION Africans to speak with outsiders from different villages
YOU can already speak some Swahili!
Simba lion
Nala  gift
Rafiki  friend
Pumbaa  slow witted
Timon  respect

22. Bet You Didn’t Know!
Click to Listen
Click languages are a group of languages found only in Africa. Clicks function as normal consonants.
In a remote mountain in Turkey, there are villagers who still communicate across valleys by whistling- using what they call their "bird language."
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23. Homework Alert!
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24. Glorious Messiness Ilustrations

25. Glorious Messiness Illustrations

26. Key Issue 2
Why Is English Related to Other Languages?

27. Distribution of Indo-European Branches
Four most widely spoken branches:
BRANCH
FAMILY
Romance
GROUP
LANGUAGE

29. Origin and Diffusion Indo-European Family
Linguists theorize that Germanic, Romance, Balto- Slavic, and Indo-Iranian languages all stemmed from a common ancestral language.
Linguists and anthropologists continue to debate 2 theories about how language originated and how it diffused.
Nomadic Warrior Hypothesis (Kurgan)
Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis (Anatolia)
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30. Nomadic Warrior Hypothesis

31. Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis

32. Where Did English Come From?
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33. Origin of English
Modern English evolved primarily from the language spoken by three Germanic tribes invading the British Isles
Angles- from southern Denmark
Jutes- from northern Denmark
Saxons- from northwestern Germany
Over time, others invaded England and their languages influenced the basic English.
Vikings from present-day Norway
Normans from present-day Normandy in France spoke French.

34. Mapping the Origin and Diffusion of English

35. Diffusion of English
English language migrated with the people of England when they established colonies (1500s-1800s), and is now an official language in most former British colonies.
English Diffused North America
Jamestown, VA, in 1607.
When England defeated France, English became the dominant language in North America.
United States responsible for diffusing English to several places—such as the Philippines, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico.

36. Thinking Like A Geographer- English Mania
Watch With A Purpose…
Why does the speaker say “native language is your life,” but English is the “language of opportunity?”
Why is the world “pulling towards” English?
Why does the speaker believe that English mania is a historical turning point? What could be the outcome?
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37. Diffusion of Romance Languages
Rise of Rome/Vulgar Latin
European colonization