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Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Introduction Video
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Anatomy – branch that deals with structure of body parts Physiology – branch that deals with function of parts
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Prefixes/Suffixes to Memorize (p. 2)
Append– to hang Dors– back -tomy cutting Homeo– same Cardi– heart Peri– around Cran– helmet Meta– change Pleur– Lungs/Ribs -ology study of Pariet wall
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Anatomical Position
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Anatomical Terms
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Characteristics of Life (p. 5)
Movement – internal and external Responsiveness – senses change and reacts Growth – increase in body size Reproduction – make new individuals Respiration – use oxygen Digestion – breaks down food Absorption – sub. pass thru membranes Circulation – movement within body Assimilation – changes sub. into various forms Excretion – removal of waste
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Life requires… Water – most abundant chemical in the body
Food – energy source Oxygen – drives metabolic rates Heat – form of energy Pressure – atmosphere vs. hydrostatic
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Life requires… metabolism – physical and chemical changes that occur within body parts vital signs – observable body functions that reflect metabolic Activities…indicates something is alive! (body temp., blood pressure, pulse, breathing) homeostasis – environmental factors may change, but the internal environment remains stable/constant (Ex: body temp = 98.6°F or 37°C)
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11 Body Systems (p.13) Integumentary – SKIN, HAIR, NAILS (protection/diffusion) Skeletal – BONES, CARTILAGE, LIGAMENTS (support/movement) Muscular – Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (movement/posture) Nervous – brain, spinal cord, nerves (stimulus/Response) Endocrine – glands, hormones (metabolism) Cardiovascular – Heart, blood vessels (blood transport) Lymphatic – lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen (transport) Digestive – stomach, intestines, esophagus (absorption) Respiratory – nasal cavity, lungs, trachea (exchange of gases) Urinary – bladder, kidneys, urethra (elimination of wastes) Reproductive – testes, ovaries (continuation of species)
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Levels of Organization (p. 4) (simplest to most complex)
Atoms – microscopic particles (simplest) Molecules – 2 or more atoms bonded Macromolecules – small molecules combined Organelles – aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out specific functions in cells Cells – basic living unit (contains organelles) Tissues – Groups of Cells Organs – Groups of Tissues Organ systems – Groups of Organs Organism – Organ systems functioning together
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Fig. 1.3
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Table 1.1
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Relative Positional Terms
Superior – above Inferior – below Posterior/Dorsal – Back Anterior/Ventral – Front Medial – closer to midline Lateral – towards the side Proximal – body part closer to point of attachment to trunk distal – body part farther from the point of attachment to Trunk Superficial – near the skin Deep – further away from the skin Anatomical Terms Video
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Anatomical Terms
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Interactive Review Anatomical Terms
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Axial vs. Appendicular Axial – includes head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular – includes upper and lower limbs
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Body Planes/Cuts Sagittal – divided into unequal right/left halves
Mid-sagittal (median) – divided into equal right/left halves Coronal/Frontal – divided into front/back halves Transverse – divided into upper/lower halves
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Body Planes/Cuts (p.15)
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p. 15
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Body Cavities (p. 9)
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Major Body Cavities Dorsal Cavity – located along back-side (cranial &
Spinal/Vertebral cavity) Cranial Cavity – contains the brain Spinal/vertebral Cavity – Contains the spinal cord Ventral Cavity – located along front-side (thoracic & abdominopelvic Cavity) Thoracic Cavity – Contains the lungs & Heart Pleura Cavity – Contains the Lungs Pericardial cavity – Contains the Heart Abdominal Cavity – Contains the Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, & intestines Pelvic Cavity – contains bladder & reproductive organs Abdominopelvic cavity – Abdominal & Pelvic Cavity
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diaphragm – thin muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
mediastinum – separates thoracic cavity into right and left sides (Right & Left Lung)
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Thoracic & Abdominopelvic Membranes (p.10)
Parietal - membrane attached to wall of cavity Visceral - membrane that is deeper; covers internal organ Pericardial = membrane around heart Peritoneal = membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity Example: Parietal Pleura – covers Walls of Right & Left Thoracic Cavity Visceral Pleura – Covers the lungs
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Anatomical Terms
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Regions of Abdominal Area
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Regions of Abdominal Area
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