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Chapter 18 The History of Life.

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1 Chapter 18 The History of Life

2 Why Classify? So that scientists can identify what organism they are discussing or studying. Taxonomy: A discipline where scientists classify organisms and assign each organism a universally accepted name.

3 Common Names vs Scientific Names
Mountain Lion Puma Cougar Panther Scientific name: Felis concolor

4 Binomial Nomenclature (Carolus Linnaeus)
A two-part scientific name that is assigned to an organism. Both names are written in italics. First part is: Genus (Upper case) Second part is: species (lower case) Example: Humans= Homo sapiens (“wise man”)

5 The Three Domain System
Domain: more inclusive category than any other. Larger than kingdom. Eukarya: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Bacteria: Eubacteria Archaea: Archaebacteria

6 Carol Linnaeus Carol Linneaus divided organisms into plants and animals. (problem?) This didn’t cover all of the diversity of life. Scientists came up with other kingdoms. Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Then they developed the 6-kingdom system that we still use today: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae.

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8 WITHOUT PEPTIDOGLYCAN WITH PEPTIDOGLYCAN CELLULOSE NONE
DOMAIN→ ARCHAEA BACTERIA EUKARYA KINGDOM→ ARCHAEBACTERI EUBACTERIA PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE ANIMALIA CELL TYPE Prokaryote or Eukaryote PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE NUMBER OF CELLS Unicellular or Multicellular UNICELLULAR UNICELLULA BOTH MULTICELL. CELL NUCLEUS Present or Absent NO YES CELL WALL COMPOSITION WITHOUT PEPTIDOGLYCAN WITH PEPTIDOGLYCAN CELLULOSE NONE NUTRITION Autotroph Heterotroph HETEROTROPH AUTOTROPH LOCOMOTION YES IF THEY HAVE FLAGELLA

9 Domain: Eukarya (all eukaryotic organisms) KINGDOMS:
Protista: have the greatest variety unicellular & multicellular Some photosynthetic, others heterotrophic 3 types: plant-like, animal- like, fungus-like Fungi: Heterotrophs Unicellular & multicellular Have cell walls of chitin Plantae: Multicellular Cell wall of cellulose Autotroph Animalia: Heterotroph

10 Kingdom: Archaebacteria
Domain: Archaea Kingdom: Archaebacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Have cell wall WITHOUT peptidoglycan Autotroph and Heterotroph Domain: Bacteria Kingdom: Eubacteria Have cell wall WITH peptidoglycan Autotroph and heterotroph

11 Classify these Organisms
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens

12 Evolutionary Classification: Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities Cladogram: Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called derived characters and can then be used to construct a cladogram.

13 Molecular Clocks (DNA and RNA)
The genes of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level. Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships.

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