1. Nationalism and Reform in Europe and North America
Chapter 12 section3

2. Great Britain
Great Britain was able to remain stable during most of the 19th Century due to…..
Parliament passed a bill that increased the number of male voters
New voters were members of the industrial middle class
Britain was able to avoid revolutions and continued to make both social and political reforms
Continuing economic growth
Queen Victoria

3. Queen Victoria Reflected British national pride
Longest reign in English history ( )
Victorian Age: Represented a sense of duty and moral respectability

4. France
After the Revolution of 1848, the French moved toward restoration of the monarchy
President Louis-Napoleon returns asking for restoration of the empire
Based on popular vote, or plebiscite
97% of the French people voted for restoration of the Empire
Louis Napoleon became emperor Napoleon III in 1852

5. Napoleon III
Napoleon the third’s reign as emperor was initially successful
He modernized Paris
He expanded the French Economy
The second empire of France fell with the defeat in the Franco-Prussian war

6. The Austrian Empire
The Hungarians had been a fierce nationalistic group in the Austrian Empire
Rather than face continued revolution, the Empire was divided into two pieces
The Austrian-Hungary Empire was created in the Compromise of 1867
Each part of the Empire had its own constitution and legislature, but they shared an Emperor

7. Russia
Russia was still mostly rural at the beginning of the 19th century
Seeing that Russia was way behind the other European powers, Czar Alexander II made serious reforms
Emancipated the Serfs in 1861
Alienated the Serfs and the Russian nobles

8. Russia Alexander II attempted other reforms, but could please no one
He was assassinated by Radicals in 1881
His son Alexander III turned back to old methods

9. Nationalism in the United States
National unity had struggled within the United States
2 Factions developed:
Federalists: Favored a strong central government
Republicans: Favored a weak central government
Slavery had become a threat national unity
1800: 1 million slaves in the U.S.
1860: 4 million slaves in the U.S.

10. The South
The South’s economy depended solely on the production of cotton and slave labor
Eli Whitney: Invented the cotton gin
made it easier to clean cotton of its seeds, and increased cotton production
The South is determined to maintain economy and slavery
Abolitionism growing in the North
Movement to end slavery, arose in North and challenged the Southern way of life

11. “the government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.”
Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln elected as President
“the government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.”

12. The South Secedes
December 20, 1860: South Carolina Secedes from the United States
Followed by Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, & Texas
Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, & Arkansas eventually succeed
The Confederate States of America were formed

13. The Civil War The Civil War was fought from 1861-1865
Over 600,000 soldiers died from battle or deadly diseases
January 1, 1861: Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation
Declared most slaves forever free
April 9, 1865: Confederate army surrenders
National unity had prevailed in the United States

14. Canada The Dominion of Canada emerged in 1867
British North America Act:
Established the Dominion of Canada, with it’s own constitution
Canada ruled itself but foreign policy remained in the hands of the British