1. History of Psychology

2. Modern Psychology’s Roots

3. What is Psychology? The science of behavior and mental processes
Behavior—observable actions of a person or animal
Mind—thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives and other subjective experiences
Science--an objective way to answer questions based on observable facts/data and well-described methods
Separated from philosophy in 19th century
influences from physiology remain
Keywords: behavior, mind, science

4. Philosophical Developments
A Question: How is mind and body related?
BIG
René Descartes (1596–1650)—Interactive dualism
The mind and body interact to produce conscious experience
Keywords: dualism, Rene Descartes
Graphic: picture of Descartes pg. 4 of Gray

5. Philosophical Developments
BIG
Another Question: Nature vs. Nurture
Are abilities determined by our genes or our experiences?
What are the interactions between genetics and environment?
What effect does it have on behavior?
Keywords: materialism, empiricism, nativism

6. Wilhelm Wundt Leipzig, Germany The “father of psychology”
Founder of modern psychology
Opened the first psychology lab in 1879
applied laboratory techniques to study of the mind
Discovering Psy 2e p.4
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)

7. E.B. Titchener Wundt’s student, professor at Cornell University
Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality of the parts of consciousness
Proponent of structuralism
P. 5. Discovering psy.
E. B. Titchener (1867–1927)

8. Structuralism
Studied the basic elements (structure) of thoughts and sensations.
identify ‘atoms’ of the mind
focused on basic sensory and perceptual processes
measured reaction times

9. William James First American psychologist
Started psychology at Harvard in 1870s
Opposed Wundt and Titchener’s approach
Author of the first psychology textbook
Founder of Functionalism
functionalism – influenced by Darwin to focus on how behaviors help us adapt to the environment
p. 5 Discovering psy
William James (1842–1910)

10. Functionalism
Emphasized studying the function of consciousness and how consciousness helped people adapt to their environment

11. DAILY
DOUBLE

12. Explain the difference between Structuralism & Functionalism.
Structuralism – basic parts of a person’s thoughts and feelings. Focus on basic senses & perception.
Functionalism – how our consciousness helps us to function or adapt to our environment.

13. John B. Watson Founder of Behaviorism
Studied only observable and objectively described acts
Emphasized objective and scientific methodology
p. 8 Discovering psy
John B. Watson (1878–1958)

14. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Behaviorist Russian Physiologist
Studied learning through associations in animals
Emphasized the study of observable behaviors

15. B.F. Skinner Behaviorist American psychologist at Harvard
Focused on learning through rewards and observation
studied learning and effect of reinforcement
p. 8 Discovering psy
B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)

16. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Austrian physician that focused on illness
Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective
Believed that abnormal behavior originated from unconscious drives and conflicts

17. Freud’s Influence Influence on “pop culture” Freudian slips
Anal-retentive
Influence on psychology
Psychodynamic theory
Unconscious thoughts
Significance of childhood experiences

18. Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow (1902-1987) (1908-1970)
Helped to create Humanistic Psychology
Stressed the study of conscious experience and an individual’s free will
Healthy individuals strive to reach their potential.

19. Wolfgang Kohler Created Gestalt Psychology
The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
Integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Wolfgang Kohler
( )

20. What do you see?
You See the whole picture first rather than the individual dots that make it up. – Gestalt Psychology

21. How old is Psychology??
The consideration of psychological questions is as old as the human being
Examples:
Democritus’ (around 400 b.c.) described the process of perception:
Small images move in the air
From eye to brain where it interacts with atoms and thus the experience of perception is created.
Aristotle’s answer to why we are sleepy after heavy meal
Thinking in the heart, and after heavy meal all blood leaves the heart to go to digestive system…
But: Man in conflict between moral codes and drives. The conflict is negotiated by what within us is in touch with reality. (very similar to id, ego and superego conception).

22. The age of scientific psychology: Since 1879 (Wundt’s opening of the first laboratory in Leipzig).
Our course:
Beginning in ancient Greece
16th-17th century : Descartes
British Empiricists: Locke, Hume etc.,
The 19th – early 20th centuries: the 3 gates to modern psychology-
The physiological gate (Franz Gal- Phrenology, etc.,).
The gate of “conscious processes” : Structuralism and Functionalism (Wundt and James)
The analytic gate: The question of levels of consciousness (Mesmer, etc., ).
Other major influences (e.g., Darwin).

23. An important gate to the science of psychology in the 19th century: The “Body-Mind” controversy.
This question rose because of developments in the biological sciences
Galvani (18th century) – electrical stimulation of a frog’s muscle.
A second important gate: The controversy about levels of consciousness.
This question “gathered steam” because of the cultural fascination with hypnosis (18th century Franz Anton Mesmer)
A third important gate: How should we build our science? Like Chemistry? A new perspective?: The Wundt-James (structuralism-functionalism question).

24. A pre-paradigmatic/paradigmatic stage in scientific enterprise
In the pre-paradigmatic stage there are many schools; there is disagreement on what are the basic questions we need to ask and what are the methodologies we need to use to answer these questions.
In the paradigmatic stage there is a consensus within the scientific community on what we are exploring, and how we explore.

25. Psychology still in the pre-paradigmatic stage.
A psychoanalyst
What is important to investigate?
Unconscious processes
What specific phenomena you want to look at?
Personality dynamics
How will you look at these?
Clinical research methods
A behaviorist
Overt behavior
S-R chains
Experimentation

26. Psychology in a pre-paradigmatic stage.
A physicist:
The important phenomenon: The structure of the universe
What do we look at?: Behavior of smallest particles
How do we do that?: Experimental methods and quantifiable theories.
Psychology in a pre-paradigmatic stage.
What does this mean? May be there is no chance for a shared paradigm in psychology? Maybe it’s a question of level of analysis?

27. Schools in Psychology
A school : A group of scientists who agree on the three questions:
What is the problem we deal with?
What phenomena do we look at?
How do we look at these phenomena?
Six schools:
Structuralism; Functionalism; Psychoanalysis; Behaviorist; Humanist; Gestalt