1. Introduction to the Child health Nursing and Nutritional Need
Lecture 1

2. Definitions
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.(WHO)
Pediatric Nursing or Child health nursing: is the specialty nursing care of babies and children. A nurse who specializes in this area is usually referred to as a pediatric nurse.

3. Advanced Preparation for Maternal-Newborn Nurses
Certified nurse-midwives (CNMs)
Registered nurses (RNs) who have completed program of study and clinical experience
Provide complete care during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period
Counsel and support the childbearing family
Provide annual well-woman exams
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002, 1998, 1994, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

4. Advanced Preparation for Maternal-Newborn Nurses (Cont.)
Nurse practitioners
RNs with advanced preparation
Women’s health nurse practitioners (WHNPs) provide wellness-focused, primary, reproductive, and gynecologic care over the life span, starting at adolescence.
Family nurse practitioners (FNPs) provide preventive, holistic care for young and old family members.
Neonatal nurse practitioners (NNPs) assist in the care of high-risk newborns in the immediate post–birth care or in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) provide health maintenance care for infants and children not requiring the services of physicians.
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002, 1998, 1994, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

5. Advanced Preparation for Maternal-Newborn Nurses (Cont.)
Clinical nurse specialist
Study and supervise practice at the graduate level
Care of childbearing women with complex problems
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002, 1998, 1994, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

6. Statistics on Maternal and Infant Health (Cont.)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002, 1998, 1994, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

7. Definitions ..cont Mortality :Rate of occurrence death.
Morbidity: a specific illness in the population (respiratory illness)
Mortality of infancy:
200/1000 at the beginning of twenty century.
Low birth wt <2500mg = Higher mortality
Short or long gestational.

8. Other Risk Factors for Infant Mortality
Black race
Male gender
Short or long gestation
Maternal age (younger or older)
Maternal education

9. Childhood Mortality
Injuries are leading cause of death in age >1 year
Motor vehicle crashes
Drowning
Burns
Poisoning

10. Nutritional needs of the Neonate

11. Introduction:
Good nutrition is essential for the growth and development that occurs during an infant’s first year of life.

12. Feeding the Infant
Early nutrition affects later development, and early feedings establish eating habits that influence nutrition throughout life.

13. SFCC: Figure 14.14

14. Nutrient Needs

15. Nutrient Needs

16. Why Is Breast Milk So Good for Babies?

17. Why Is Breast Milk So Good for Babies?
Breastfeeding is a natural extension of pregnancy – the mother’s body continues to nourish the infant.
The American Dietetic Association (ADA) and American Association of Pediatrics recognize exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, and breastfeeding with complementary foods for at least 12 months, as an optimal feeding pattern for infants.

18. Breast milk is more easily and completely digested than infant formula, so breastfed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants do.
During the first few weeks, the newborn will need approximately 8 to 12 feedings a day, on demand.
As the infant gets older, there are longer intervals between feedings.

19. Immune Factors in Breast Milk
During the first two or three days of lactation, the breasts produce colostrum, a premilk substance containing antibodies and white cells from the mother’s blood.
Breastfed infants may have:
Less allergies
Less CVD
Lower blood cholesterol
Less ear and respiratory infections

20. Other Potential Benefits
May protect against obesity in childhood and later years.
May have a positive effect on later intelligence.

21. Formula Feeding
Infant formulas are designed to resemble breast milk and nutrient composition.
Special formulas are available for premature infants, allergic infants, and others.
Formulas should be replaced with milk after the baby’s first birthday.

22. Formula Feeding

23. Complementary feeding practices
Different reasons to start complementary food can be highlighted:
Breast milk is not enough in quantity: this is the main reason for the huge majority of the mothers.
Breast milk is not sufficient to cover the infant’s nutritional needs for growing.
The mother has to go to work, so the child must be partially weaned.

24. Lactation Nutrient Needs
Energy Intake
need about +650 kcals to support milk production
Exercise
intense may raise lactic acid concentration of breast milk and baby may not like the taste
Vitamin and Minerals
maintained in breast milk at expense of maternal stores if poor po intake; B6, B12, A, D;

25. Water Nutrient Supplements Particular Foods
need plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration
drink a glass of fluid at each meal
Nutrient Supplements
iron to replace stores
often continue prenatal vitamins
Particular Foods
foods with strong or spicy flavors may alter flavor of breast milk.
some infants may be sensitive to particular foods that mom eats

26. During Lactation Don’t:
Don’t drink alcohol
Don’t take medications unless OK by Medical Provider
Don’t take illegal drugs
Don’t smoke
Don’t get into environmental contaminants
Don’t have caffeine

27. Consumer Corner: Formula’s Advertising Advantage

28. Student practice 1 Is breast feeding during pregnancy safe? Clarify?
Compare between breast feeding and formula feeding?

29. Any Question?