1. Chapter 25 The Cold war (1945-1960)
Section 1 The Cold War Begins

2. Occupation Rule After war Germany and Japan in ruins
“there was practically nothing left: the rubble did not even look like much”
“Tokyo was all flattened, and people were living in holes with corrugated roofs. They were desperate for food”

3. The Potsdam conference
When the leaders met again in Potsdam, in July–August 1945, things were different for various reasons:
the Soviet Army occupied Central and Eastern Europe
the U.S. had a new President, Harry S. Truman
Britain had a new Prime Minister, Clement Attlee
the U.S. had successfully tested the atomic bomb.
Image: Clement Attlee, Harry Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Yalta Conference. Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. This image is in the public domain because it is a work of the U.S. Federal Government and is therefore not subject to copyright.
Truman was tougher on communism and less appeasing.
Stalin had also broken the promise of free elections and wanted to use Eastern European countries as a protective buffer zone. Agreements were made, but tensions were high.

4. Potsdam Conference
July – August 1945
Truman, Churchill (and then Clement Atlee) and Stalin met in Potsdam, Germany
Drew up a blueprint to disarm Germany and eliminate the Nazi regime
Divided Germany into 4 sections (occupied by France, Britain, U.S. and Soviet Union)

5. Potsdam Continued Berlin to be divided up in East (or Soviet) Germany
Set up the Nuremberg Trials to persecute Nazi leaders
Japan must “unconditionally surrender”

6. Nuremberg Trials International tribunal court tried Nazi officials
Over 23 nations tried Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany
12 of the 22 defendants were sentenced to death
200 other officials were found guilty, but give lesser sentences

7. The Roots of the Cold War
Intense rivalry between USA and Soviet Union for global power and influence KEY TERM

8. GOAL  spread world-wide Communism
Roots of the Cold War VS
USSR
USA
GOAL  spread world-wide Communism
GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.

9. After World War 2, the world changed!
Many countries became communist
Czechoslovakia (1948)
Poland (1947)
Hungary (1947)
China (1949)
Cuba (1959)
North Korea (1945)

10. The “Iron Curtain” Page 849 answer Map Skills ½
Answer on “Do Now Answer Sheet”

11. Source E
Winston Churchill was British prime minister from In 1946, speaking at Westminster College in Fulton, Churchill said:
"An Iron Curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all of the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe all these famous cities and the populations around lie in the Soviet sphere and all are subject to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow."
Source F
Joseph Stalin, Soviet Communist Party leader from , responded to Churchill in a speech the same year:
"The Soviet Union's loss of life [during World War II] has been several times greater than that of Britain and the United States of America put together. . . And so what can be so surprising about the fact that the Soviet Union, anxious for its future safety, is trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries?"

12. USA Afraid of the domino effect
The USSR had a lot of influence over many of the new communist countries (especially those in Europe).
The USA was very worried that the USSR’s influence over these countries was making the USSR and communism more powerful.
The USA did not want communism to spread any further – they were worried about the domino effect (one country becomes communist, then another, then another etc) VIDEO

13. CRISIS IN BERLIN
The British, Americans, and French began to take steps to set up a free, democratic government within their German zones.
The western zone eventually became known as the Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany.
The British, Americans, and French also tried to set up a democratic government in West Berlin.
The Soviets were not happy with the idea of a Western-style government and economy in the middle of the Soviet zone of occupation. 13

14. Crisis in Berlin Soviets Block Traffic
In June 1948 the Soviets announced that they would block any road, rail, or river traffic into West Berlin.
WHAT WOULD YOU DO TO PREVENT WESTERN GERMANY FROM STARVING?

15. The Berlin Airlift ( ) 15

16. World Divided by Alliances
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) vs.
United States
Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1952: Greece & Turkey
1955: West Germany
1983: Spain

17. Warsaw Pact (1955) U. S. S. R. Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania

18. U.S. occupation of Japan
U.S. occupied Japan for 6 years under the direction of General Douglas MacArthur
Called for a New Constitution (w/ free elections and women suffrage)
Introduced a free market economy

19. Similar trials held for Japanese war criminals
7 out of 28 leaders were found guilty and sentenced to death (including Tojo)

20. The United Nations: officially created Oct 24, 1945

21. The Founding of Israel One of first major challenges of UN
Claimed by both Jews and Muslims
After WW2 many European Jews move to Palestine
Britain controlled Palestine since WW1, cant resolve conflict in 1947 turns it over to UN
UN says divide the land
Arabs reject, Arab-Israeli War starts

22. Arab Israeli War Arab states refuse to recognize the State of Israel
Armies of Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Transjordan join Palestine to attack Israel
Although outnumbered Israeli forces under Ben-Gurion captured much of Palestine

23. Arab-Israeli War Ends
1949 UN mediator, Ralph Bunche negotiates armistice
First African American to win Nobel Peace Prize

24. Truman Doctrine [1947] Civil War in Greece.
The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

25. Marshall Plan [1948] “European Recovery Program.”
Secretary of State, George Marshall
The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.
$12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].