1. Introduction Anatomy
Azami PHD

2. Definition Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”
Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically
Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems

3. History of Anatomy
Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims.
First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC. Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)

4. Medicine during Medieval Times (5th -15th )
When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies.
Cadavers were no longer used
Avicenna (ابن سینا یا پورسینا)

5. 16th Century Contributions
Began to make drawings of dissections of executed cadavers

6. 17th and 18th centuries Few dissections were allowed
Only certain scientists were allowed to perform them
Doctors literally traveled from dissection to dissection

7. 19th Century Anatomy Act of 1832 provided adequate supply of corpses
Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858

8. Overview of Anatomy
Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Gross or macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental

9. Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of the cell
Histology – study of tissues

10. Developmental Anatomy
Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth

11. Gross Anatomy
Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system
Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

12. Anatomical terminology
This generally relates to:
Names of the organ systems or regions
Names of body organs or their parts
Anatomical planes
Anatomical locations

13. Modern Anatomy
X-rays, CT scans, MRI

14. Organ systems Musculoskeletal (muscles, bones, joints)
Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins)
Respiratory (respiratory tract, lungs)
Digestive (oesophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas)
Urinary (kidney, bladder)
Reproductive (male/female)
Nervous system

15. Anatomical terminology
Anatomical planes

16. Anatomical Planes
Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
Coronal or frontal– divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Horizontal or transverse (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

17. Anatomical planes - 1 Median or mid-sagittal plane
Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline.

18. Anatomical planes - 2
Sagittal: Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts

19. Saggital plane

20. Anatomical planes - 3
Coronal or frontal: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

21. Coronal Plane

22. Anatomical planes - 4
Horizontal or transverse (cross section) : divides the body into superior and inferior parts

23. Horizontal Plane

24. Anatomical positions

25. Movements Adduction Moving a body part towards the midline of the body
Abduction
Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

26. Anatomical movements Prone Lying face down Supine
Pronation
Supine
Lying face up Supination

27. Movements
Flexion
Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones
Extension
Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones

28. Anatomical movements Flexion/Extension

29. Movements Retraction Moving a part backward Protraction
Moving a part forward

30. Anatomical positions 1. Cranial toward the head
2. Caudal - toward the feet
3. Medial - toward the middle
4. Lateral - toward/from the side
5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb
6. Distal - toward the finger/toes
7. Superior - above
8. Inferior - below