1. MOTIVATION & EMOTION

2. HUNGRY?
What motivates you to eat? Is it physiological (physical) factors or psychological (mental) factors? Could it be a combination of both? Did the pictures in the previous slides make you hungry? If they did, then you were psychologically motivated.

3. HUNGRY?
How could Need for Achievement have impacted the lives of these people?

4. Motivation is an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal

5. FOUR THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Instincts
Drive-Reduction Theory
Incentive theory
Cognitive theory

6. INSTINCT THEORY
We are motivated by a variety of instincts (innate tendencies that determine behavior)
early 1900’s.
Do not explain behavior; simply label it

7. Drive-Reduction Theory
We have needs that produce drives (an internal condition that orients an individual toward a specific goal)
Biological needs drive us to action. We are motivated/driven to reduce our needs.
If we are hungry or thirsty, we become tense and agitated. To relieve the tension we act to fulfill our hunger or thirst.
Hunger drives us to eat
Fatigue drives us to rest
Focuses on physiological needs

8. It’s more than just a DRIVE……
Infant attachment to their mothers
Drive-Reduction Theory: Hunger & Thirst
Harry Harlow proved that a loving, comforting touch (contact comfort) motivated monkeys more than hunger or thirst. Incentives (things we learn to value) are a key to motivation
Harry Harlow helped prove that there is more to motivation that just satisfying our drives. His research greatly impacted the adoption process and stressed the importance of placing children with parents that can provide contact comfort as quickly as possible.

9. INCENTIVE THEORY
Incentives are an external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior
Drives and Incentives work together
Hunger may cause you to walk to the café (drive). The incentive is the cheese steak.
If your drive is weak, our incentive must be strong
If our drive is strong enough, the incentive is less important

10. Actions are the result of Intrinsic & extrinsic motivations
COGNITIVE THEORY
Actions are the result of Intrinsic & extrinsic motivations
Intrinsic: comes from within. We engage in behaviors because they are personally rewarding
Extrinsic: comes from outside. We engage in behaviors that reduce biological needs or help us obtain incentives or external rewards

11. INTRINSIC vs. EXTRINSIC
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective.
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Why are you in AP Psych?
Interesting
Curiosity
Competent
Why are you in AP Psych?
Parents.
Need the credit.
Save money in college.

12. Biological Needs - physiological requirements necessary for survival
Social Needs – psychological needs acquired through learning and experience
Studies showed that Obese people eat because of external (social) cues more than normal weight people. What influences our eating habits?

13. BIOLOGICAL/PHYSIOLOGICAL HUNGER FACTORS
Our body and brain send cues that cause us to eat.
The stomach, liver, and intestines send hunger cues
The hypothalamus in the brain receives the cues from your organs and signals you to eat.
GENETIC HUNGER FACTORS
Inherited instructions found in our genes.
Determine metabolic rate
Everyone has a set point (a certain level of body fat that our bodies strive to maintain constant throughout our lives)
SOCIAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL HUNGER FACTORS
Things you learn about eating
Ex. Eating while watching television
Ex. Peer pressure to stay a certain weight

14. Motivation explained by Hunger
Hunger: Education Portal Academy

15. Biological Basis of Hunger
Hunger does NOT come from our stomach.
It comes from our…
Brain
What part of the brain?
The Hypothalamus

16. Physiology of Hunger
Washburn’s studies showed hunger was partially related to the stomach.
But those with their stomachs removed still feel hunger.

17. Body Chemistry Glucose The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat.
When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

18. The Brain In the 1960’s it was discovered that hunger comes from………..
The Hypothalamus

19. Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Lateral Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
When stimulated it makes you hungry.
When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again.
When stimulated you feel full.
When lesioned you will never feel full again.

20. The Psychology of Hunger
What psychological and cultural factors influence hunger?
Externals: people whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than internal factors.

21. Douglas McGregor, Theories of X and Y
T H E O R Y
T H E O R Y X Y

22. Theory X Must never be trusted and always be watched.
Assumes that works are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money.
Must never be trusted and always be watched.
To work more, they must be given money.

23. Theory X
Theory X assumes people dislike work and do whatever they can to avoid it. This leads to the following:
Because people hate work, they have to be forced, threatened or bribed before they will work hard enough.
People like to be ordered about, they seek security in authority and go out of their way to avoid taking on responsibility.
Money is the main motivating force. Issues to do with personal security come second.
The only creativity most people display is when it comes to avoiding work or finding ways of getting around management edicts.

24. Theory Y
Assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity.

25. two-factor theory, proposed by Frederick Herzberg
He also surmised that it is the work itself and what people get out of it, rather than factors such as pay and physical working conditions, that determines job satisfaction.

26. Taste Preferences
Food taste better and we chew less when we are hungry (beginning of a meal).
Food tastes worse and we chew more when we are not hungry (at the end of the meal).
Its weird, the better the food tastes, the less time we leave it in our mouths.

27. Sex & Motivation
Is the desire to have sex biologically motivated, socially motivated, or both?
Sex glands secrete hormones that control sexual interest (Biological)
status, peer pressure, money (Social)

28. MALE FEMALE GENDER INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL MOTIVATION
More interested in sex; initiate and think about sex more often
Less interested in sex
Want sex with more partners
Not as interested in sex with many partners
Desire sex without emotional commitment
Desire sex with emotional commitment
Focus on youth and physical attractiveness when choosing a sex partner
Focus on social and economic status when choosing a sex partner
Feel more jealous when partner is physically unfaithful
Feel more jealous when partner is emotionally unfaithful

29. Sex and Motivation: Why do we have sex?
Testosterone = sexual motivation
Puberty = increased testosterone and estrogen
Any correlation between teen sex and this maturation process?

30. The Journey of Sexual Arousal: Bet You Didn’t Know This One!
When something gets your “sexual attention” your Hypothalamus sends a signal to the pituitary gland.
The Pituitary gland then secretes two hormones (luteinizing and follicle stimulating)
These hormones travel to your gonads (yes ladies you have gonads) – testes and ovaries
Then your gonads provide you with the sensation of arousal.

31. Sex and Society: Sex has always been a taboo topic
Companies spend millions of dollars a year on advertising that includes sexual images
We have even imposed societal “norms” for sex:
1. NO incest
2. NO Premarital sex
3. Masturbation?
4. Homosexuality?
Freud said that psychological disorders stem from the repression of sexual feelings.

32. Sex in the Media:

33. Homosexuality: Case Study

34. Reproduction:
Much research has been done on the difference between genders on choosing a partner for reproduction:
Females – Optimize reproductive success by being very selective in their mating
They are more interested in mating with an individual that can provide adequate resources for their child.
Males – Optimize reproductive success by mating with many females
They seek young, healthy, and fertile mates

35. The Sexual Response Cycle:
Masters and Johnson were two psychologists that researched the physiological changes that occur during sex.
1. The excitement stage
2. The plateau – increased breathing, muscle tension
3. Orgasm – males/ejaculation, females/muscle contraction
4. Resolution / Males have a refractory period in which achieving an erection is difficult

36. Need for Achievement = Social Motive
Desire to set challenging goals and persist in trying to reach those goals
What role does it play in the life of a high school student?
Fear of Failure = Social motivate
How can fear of failure impact your motivation?

37. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Which needs to we satisfy first?

38. Hierarchy of Needs
Important to remember, that Maslow’s definition of a Self actualized person:
Has no mental illness
Satisfied in basic needs
Fully exploited talents
Motivated by values

39. EMOTIONS
Emotion is a set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior.

40. Motivation & Emotion
Motivation is the source of our behavior. Emotion is the feelings associated with our behavior.
Emotions can function as motivation
i.e. Hit someone because you are angry
i.e. do it because it makes you happy

41. Four Components of Emotion
Interpret, appraise some stimulus (ex. Shark = serious threat)
Experience a feeling (fear, terror)
Physiological response (heart rate or breathing change)
Show observable behaviors (cry, panic, freeze)
We don’t know exactly how and why people feel emotions. There are several theories out there. They all agree that the four components are involved. They disagree on which order they occur.

42. Physiological Theories
There is a large debate on the order that the four basic components occur in.
Therefore, we have different theories on Emotion.
Physiological Theories
Cognitive Theories

43. Physiological Theories of Emotion
Main Belief – Emotions derive from physical changes in the body
Physiological changes MAY NOT CAUSE emotions but they certainly increase their intensity.
i.e. fear heightened when heart races (panic attack)

44. Cognitive Theories of Emotion
Main Belief – Emotions result from mental processes and physiological changes working together

45. Universal Facial Expressions
Paul Ekman – some facial expressions are universal & few of us (10 – 20%) could hide true emotions
How can this information help us in life?
Anger
Fear
Sadness
Surprise
Happiness
Disgust
Contempt
Contempt - the feeling with which a person regards anything considered mean, vile, or worthless; disdain; scorn OR the state of being despised; dishonor; disgrace.