1. Water Resources in Urban Settings: the Case of the City of Jeddah
Amro Mohamed Elfeki
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah
SOWACOR workshop Oct. 2008

2. General Outline Water Classification in KSA.
Water Statistics in KSA: Availability and Consumption.
Overview on The City of Jeddah:
Hydrological Settings.
Rainfall Pattern.
Simulation.
Water Resources Issues:
Floods.
Domestic Water Supply and Drainage Systems.
Groundwater Level Rise.
Wastewater Lakes.
Coastal Pollution.
Outlook

3. Classification of Water Resources in KSA
Renewable Surface and Groundwater: Surface Runoff and Natural Recharge, and Shallow Aquifers.
Non-Renewable Groundwater: Water in Deep Aquifers.
Desalinated Water.
Treated Wastewater.

4. Distribution of Water Resources in KSA
Abdulrazzak, et al. (1995)
Source: Saudi Arabia Geological Survey website
المصدر: خطة التنمية الوطنية السابعة ( H1420–H1424)
Source: 7th National Development Plan ( ) courtesy Dr. Ahmed Samy Alzaher

5. Water Consumption in KSA
المصدر: خطة التنمية الوطنية السابعة ( H1420–H1424)
Source: 7th National Development Plan ( ) courtesy Dr. Ahmed Samy Alzaher

6. Jeddah (The Bride of The Red Sea)
The city of Jeddah is one of the major cities in KSA.
Located on east coast of the Red Sea.
Population ~ 2.6 million.
Area ~ 1200 Km2
Extends ~ 45Km along the coast
Jeddah is an industrial, commercial, educational and touristic city.
Mohorjy, (2001) Alternative Solutions and Mitigation Measures of Sewerage System, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Inter. Journal of Environmental Studies 58:

7. Hydrological Setting
Jeddah is located between two major wadis: Wadi Fatima and Wadi Usfan with some local wadis that make Jeddah basin.
Climate is arid, very hot with high rate of humidity.
Rainfall is scarce.
Rainfall period: from November to April.
Al-Sefry and Sen (2006) Groundwater Rise Problem and Risk Evaluation in Major Cities of Arid Lands—Jeddah Case in KSA, Water Resou. Management 20:91-108

8. Rainfall Time Series Pattern

9. Simulation of Rainfall Pattern

10. Floods: Wadi Al-Lith (Case Study)
Station J-417
Station J-418
Wadi Al-Lith
المصدر :حسين حمزة ،أطلس المملكة العربية السعودية،دارأكسفورد للطباعة والنشر،1980م
Al-Mestihi, F.(2008) Flood Studies in Wadi Al-Lith, Graduation Project.
Source: Saudi Arabia Dames & Moore Report

11. Rainfall-Runoff Characteristics
Event 14 June 1987

12. Rainfall-Runoff Modeling
Al-Ahmdi, F.(2005).Rainfall-runoff modeling in arid regions using geographical information systems and remote sensing: case study;western region of saudi arabia, MSc. KAU.

13. Floods in Cities and Highways
Rain Event on H (2008)
Rain Event on H
Bisha Flood
Rain Event on ~1426H (2005)

14. Water Supply and Drainage Systems
Most houses in Jeddah have two underground reservoirs, one for water supply and the other for wastewater (septic tank or cesspool).
Municipality water is pumped to the water supply reservoir through a water supply network.
The water supply reservoir is connected by pumps to deliver the water to several reservoirs on the roof of the house.
Reservoirs on the roof, delivers water to the apartments through a system of pipes under gravity.

15. Water Supply and Drainage Systems (Cont)
The old city of Jeddah is served by a wastewater network facility.
Houses in the new districts use septic tanks. The drainage system in the houses is a network of sewer pipes that leads to the underground wastewater reservoir (septic tank).
When the reservoir is full, a sewage truck is called to pump out the sewage and transport it either to the nearest sewage treatment plant or directly to the sewage pond.

16. Groundwater Level Rise
Reasons for Groundwater Level Rise
Leakage from Water Supply Piping System.
Leakage form Underground Storage Tanks.
Leakage from Cesspools and Transportation.
Rainfall Recharge.
Subsurface Inflow.
Landscape Irrigation.
Hydrogeological Influence.
Basamed (2002). Hydrochemecal study and bacteriological effect on groundwater in the northern part of Jeddah district, MSc.
Faculty of Earth Sciences, kau
Sefry and Sen (2006) Groundwater Rise Problem and Risk Evaluation in Major Cities of Arid Lands—Jeddah Case in KSA, Water Resou. Management 20:

17. Groundwater Level Rise (Cont.)
Consequences of Groundwater Rise:
Flooding of house basements.
Deterioration of roads and highways.
Damage of building foundations.
Soil Contamination.
Offensive smell.
Breeding of mosquitoes.
Basamed (2002). Hydrochemecal study and bacteriological effect on groundwater in the northern part of Jeddah district, MSc.
Faculty of Earth Sciences, kau Al-
Sefry and Sen (2006) Groundwater Rise Problem and Risk Evaluation in Major Cities of Arid Lands—Jeddah Case in KSA, Water Resou. Management 20:

18. Groundwater Level Rise (Cont.)
Abu Rizaizah et al., (1987, 1990, 1997) they predicted the water consumption will be 465 lit/capita/day and will cause groundwater level rise in the range cm/year.
The out come of the study by Basamed (2002): the average groundwater level rise is 10 cm/year.
Study by Mohorjy and Khan (2006) mentioned that the groundwater level is rising at an alarming rate of 50 cm/year.
Basamed (2002). Hydrochemecal study and bacteriological effect on groundwater in the northern part of Jeddah district, MSc.
Faculty of Earth Sciences, kau
Al-Sefry and Sen (2006) Groundwater Rise Problem and Risk Evaluation in Major Cities of Arid Lands—Jeddah Case in KSA, Water
Resou. Management 20:
Abu Rizaizah et al. (1987, 1990,1997). Groundwater rise problem in south, north, Jeddah, final report , Water and Sewage Dept., of Western Region in Saudi Arabia

19. Sewage Lakes In Jeddah there are three sewage lakes:
Al-Arbaeen Lake near downtown.
Al-Amanah Lake near downtown.
Briman Lake (Musk Lake) in the east of Jeddah highway.
Jeddah municipality has taken actions to replenish the water in Al-Arbaeen and Al-Amanah lakes using air pumps and the lakes are undergoing a major rehabilitation projects, and the Briman lake is currently under way (Khalid Aqeel, deputy mayor for services: Arab News, Tuesday 7 August 2007)

20. Sewage Pond (Briman Lake)
Location: ~25 Km to the east of Jeddah.
~ 50,000 m3 /day are discharged to the lake.
Volume is more than 10 million m3
No outflow.
Mohorjy and Khan(2006) Preliminary Assessment of Water Quality along the Red Sea Coast near Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia, Water International, vol 31(1), pp
Basamed (2002). Hydrochemecal study and bacteriological effect on groundwater in the northern part of Jeddah district, MSc. Faculty of Earth Sciences, kau.

21. Briman Lake (Cont.)

22. Briman Lake (Cont.)

23. Coastal Pollution Sources of Coastal Pollution:
Sewerage Discharge (Treated and Untreated).
Chemical Pollution (Industrial Wastes).
Thermal Pollution (Desalination Plants).
Hyper-Saline Pollution (Desalination Plants).
Land-filling (Resorts and buildings).
Dredging (Resorts and buildings).
Oil Pollution (Refiners, ships, and fishing boats).
Refuse: (Plastic, wood, papers, glass, etc.)

24. Water Quality along the Coast
Mohorjy and Khan (2006)
Parameter
Range of Values
B.O.D
mg/l
C.O.D
mg/l
Phosphorous (P)
mg/l
Nitrate (NO3)
mg/l
Sulfate (SO4)
mg/l
Coastal water is receiving considerable amount of pollutants.
Highest levels of pollutants have generally been found at locations where there are lakes/creeks that receives direct wastewater inputs.
Mohorjy and Khan(2006) Preliminary Assessment of Water Quality along the Red Sea Coast near Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia, Water International, vol 31(1), pp

25. Refuse Sea bottom Seashore
Source: Ahmed Solimany: Workshop on Environmental Pollution of Marine Beaches,

26. Outlook
Setting up a reliable data base for scientific research in various fields (continuous data recording, monitoring, satellite images, GIS maps, remote sensing, etc.)
Setting up an experimental watershed (monitoring components in the hydrological cycle) for hydrological studies in Saudi Arabia and its region.
Reformulation of hydrological models in (semi-) arid zones. How about ecological models?

27. Outlook
Innovative techniques for water desalination using solar energy.
Developing techniques for water conservation.
Developing technologies for wastewater treatment plants.
Public awareness for environmental protection.

28. Thank You!