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AP PSYCHOLOGY Mods 31-33 Memory and Cognition AP Psych.

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Presentation on theme: "AP PSYCHOLOGY Mods 31-33 Memory and Cognition AP Psych."— Presentation transcript:

1 AP PSYCHOLOGY Mods 31-33 Memory and Cognition AP Psych

2 Memory Memory persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information Information learned long ago is stored in long-term memory. Other information, that we’re working on right now is stored in working memory. Flashbulb Memory (Eidetic Memory) a very clear or vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

3 Memory Three kinds of memory
1. When we search our memories for a particular fact or a specific event, we draw it from episodic memory. When we recall events in great detail it is called flashbulb memory. Generic memory is our mental dictionary, our commonsense knowledge. Millions of facts: George Washington was our 1st president. Procedural memory consists of the skills and procedures you have learned. Throwing a ball, riding a bike, typing, playing an instrument etc. Simon

4 Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory
the immediate, initial recording of sensory information – iconic/visual or echoic/sound in the memory system (lasts about 1 second) Working Memory focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information George Miller – 7 pieces of info 7 +/ (5-9)

5 Memory Memory as Information Processing 1. Encoding
similar to a computer Use keyboard to write or get info in computer Save to jump or hard drive Read or print back info 3 Steps – Encoding, Storage and Retrieval 1. Encoding the processing of information into the memory system i.e., extracting meaning

6 Memory 2. Storage 3. Retrieval
the retention of encoded information over time 3. Retrieval process of getting information out of memory

7 Encoding Effortful Processing requires attention and effort
can become automatic through practice/rehearsal. After you hear a phone number, it will disappear unless you work to maintain it in consciousness.

8 Encoding Automatic Processing
Walking to class today was done automatically – you just sort of got yourself here. unconscious encoding of incidental information well-learned information word meanings (after practicing vocab, you just use them in a sentence.) Athletic moves or techniques Dancing Lines from a play, words from a song.

9 Encoding Rehearsal conscious repetition of information
to maintain it in consciousness to encode it for storage Experiments also confirm the benefit of a spacing effect. For long term retention, cramming does not work as well as distributed study. The benefits of rehearsal are further demonstrated by the serial position effect. You will remember the last and first items better than the middle items. Also called the primacy and recency effect.

10 Encoding Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables Spacing Effect
TUV ZOF GEK WAV Why did he use nonsense syllables? the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 Spacing Effect distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice

11 How Do We Encode? Semantic Encoding Acoustic Encoding Visual Encoding
encoding of meaning including meaning of words Acoustic Encoding encoding of sound especially sound of words Visual Encoding encoding of picture images So as you read this sentence, are you encoding the image of the words (visual), the sound of the words (acoustic) or are you encoding the meaning of the words (semantic)?

12 Encoding

13 Encoding Imagery Mnemonics mental pictures
a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. Which of the following words then, will you most likely recall when asked later? typewriter, void, cigarette, inherent, fire, process, buttocks, sequence? Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonics Memory aids What are some mnemonics that you know? especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

14 Mnemonics cont’d Mnemonic is Greek for memory.
The Method of Loci -- imagine walking through a familiar series of locations -- associate each place with a visual representation of the to be remembered topic. Try to use it to remember these words: lumberjack, dart, skate, hedge, colony, duck, furniture, stocking, pillow, mistress. Use imagery to put a story to the words. The Peg Word Method

15 Encoding Chunking organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Can you remember these numbers? How about now? How about now? use of acronyms HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior Roy G. Biv Organized information is more easily recalled.

16 Encoding Hierarchies complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories Encoding (automatic or effortful) Imagery (visual Encoding) Meaning (semantic Organization Chunks Hierarchies

17 Storage: Long-Term Memory
How does storage work? Synaptic changes Long-term Potentiation increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation Strong emotions make for stronger memories some stress hormones boost learning and retention 60 minutes propranalol

18 Storage: Long term Memory
Amnesia: severe memory loss caused by brain injury, shock, fatigue, illness or repression. Infantile amnesia: the forgetting of events before the age of three. Freud’s reasons? Others believe that the hippocampus is not fully developed, therefore we’re incapable. Antegrade amnesia: memory loss from trauma that prevents a person from forming new memories. Can remember stuff prior. Retrograde amnesia: Forget the period leading up to the event that caused damage. Source Amnesia: Can’t remember where you learned info and may lead to changes in story

19 Storage: Long-Term Memory
Explicit Memory memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare also called declarative memory hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage Implicit Memory retention independent of conscious recollection also called procedural memory

20 Storage: Long-Term Memory
MRI scan of hippocampus (in red) Hippocampus

21 Retrieval: Getting Information Out
What do you think is easier, recall or recognition? Recall measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier as on a fill-in-the blank test. Recognition Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned as on a multiple-choice test. Can you recall the names of the 7 Dwarves? How about recognize them? Sneezy, Dopey, Sleezy, Happy, Cranky, Bashful, Grumpy, Sleepy, Dumby, Crazy, Doc, Dorky

22 Retrieval Relearning Priming
memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time Priming activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory (subliminal ads)

23 Retrieval Cues Deja Vu (French)--already seen Mood-congruent Memory
cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience "I've experienced this before.“ Context Effects: returning to where you once lived or a school you once attended may have flooded your brain with retrieval cues. Taking an exam in the same room you were taught may help. Mood-congruent Memory tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues State-dependent Memory what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state

24 Moods and memories cont’d
We associate good or bad events with their accompanying emotions. When put in a good mood (someone gives you a nice compliment) you look at the world as a much better place. Happy people are more receptive to positive feedback, depressed people to negative feedback. So, your mood depends on the world around you, but how you perceive the world depends on your mood. Moods persist. When happy, you recall happy events which prolongs your good mood. When down, you recall depressing events, which prolongs that mood.

25 Forgetting Forgetting as encoding failure
Which penny is the real thing?

26 Forgetting as Interference
Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information 2 types of interference: Proactive (new is effected) Interference disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information Retroactive (old is effected) Interference disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information

27 Forgetting as Interference

28 Forgetting- Interference
Motivated Forgetting people unknowingly revise memories Repression defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. If you remembered everything, you wouldn’t be very well off. Some things are better off forgotten. Old parking spots, old phone numbers, old restaurant orders, bad memories.

29 Demo: Rumor chain Leveling: simplifying material
Sharpening: highlighting or overemphasizing some details Assimilation: changing details to better fit the subject’s own background or knowledge.

30 Memory Construction We filter information and fill in missing pieces
Misinformation Effect incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event Source Amnesia attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)

31 Memory Construction Elizabeth Loftus Studies
Depiction of actual accident Leading question: “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” Memory construction Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned

32 Memory Construction Memories of Abuse False Memory Syndrome
Repressed or Constructed? Child sexual abuse does occur Some adults do actually forget such episodes False Memory Syndrome condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists

33 Review: Improve Your Memory
Study repeatedly to boost recall Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material Make material personally meaningful Use mnemonic devices associate with peg words--something already stored make up story chunk--acronyms

34 Improve Your Memory Rehearse
Activate retrieval cues--mentally recreate situation and mood Recall events while they are fresh-- before you encounter misinformation Minimize interference Test your own knowledge Rehearse


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