1. The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 29 Notes

2. Does Revolution always mean War?
What does the word “revolution” mean?
Scientific Revolution, American Revolution, French Revolution, and Industrial Revolution.
What “revolution” really means is CHANGE!
How did technological discoveries and developments of the Scientific Revolution change society?
Scientific discoveries, new machines, communications, exploration, social classes.

3. Getting the Revolution Started
Many European economies, during the 1700s, were based on mercantilism and were very labor intensive.
“labor intensive” is good because it employs people, but bad because it takes a long time to produce goods that end up being expensive.
Lasting effects of the Scientific Revolution and a more peaceful Europe led to an environment ripe for change.
The Industrial Revolution is defined as a period of increased output of goods made by machines and new inventions.
It was a slow, long, uneven process from hand tools to complex machines. (which means that the IR did not happen overnight!)

4. Factors Aiding Industrial Growth
Changes in Farming Methods
Enclosure Movement
Process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers.
Larger fields = more output.
Small farmers are displaced = move to cities and become available as a labor force there.
Crop Rotation
Produce more crops using the same amount of land.
Increased food supply = population growth = more people available to work.
Improved Livestock
Selective breeding caused the weights and quantities of livestock to double in the 18th century.

5. Enclosure Movement

6. Factors Aiding Industrial Growth
Energy Revolution
Coal was used to power the first steam engine.
James Watt (1769) created a pump to remove water out of mines.
Coal became a vital power source during Industrial Revolution…countries that had a lot of coal benefited.
By 1780, rail lines crisscrossed Britain, Europe, and eastern North America. Both POWERED BY coal and TRANSPORTING coal.
Improved trade.
Encouraged travel for common people.

7. Britain First to Industrialize
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin here?
Britain had many advantages.
Manpower
population boom and city workers.
Materials
coal, iron ore, and other natural resources.
Money to invest
From trade and war.
Markets
large colonial empire and trade agreements.
Modes of Transportation
roads, rail, and shipping.

9. Britain Led the Rise of Industry
British first revolutionized TEXTILE industry
One invention led to another.
Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, Spinning Mule, Power Loom, and Cotton Gin
These inventions were too expensive for home use…Welcome to factory life!
People could no longer own their own means of production, so they became mere laborers in someone else’s factory.
Less need for skilled labor.
Increased cotton and linen output.
1785 = 40 million yards
1850 = 2 billion yards!

10. Phases of Industrial Revolution
Phase One – (ish)
Mechanization of work
Steampower
Phase Two – (ish)
Interchangeable parts (thanks, Eli Whitney!)
Mass production/assembly lines (thanks, Henry Ford!)
Phase Three – 1920 – present (ish)
Communication
Transportation
Aviation
Space exploration
What’s next?

11. Economic Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Goods were produced more efficiently
Supply of goods increased
Prices of goods decreased
More consumer demand due to lowered prices
Jobs were created in factories and on rail lines…more disposable income to spend.

12. Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Urbanization
Movement of people to cities for work.
Overcrowding
Dirty and disease-ridden.
City governments were often corrupt and inefficient.
Cities were unsafe.
Tenement housing
Shabby apartment buildings close to factories.
No light, no running water, many to one room, and no sanitation systems.
Wealthy begin to move to suburbs
Class distinctions.

13. Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Hazards of Factory Life
Long work days.
12-16 hours.
No longer driven by the sun & seasons.
No safety devices.
Loss of limbs and lives.
Pollution.
Coal dust and lint into lungs of workers.
Women and children were paid less than men.
Many employers preferred women to men.
Thought they could adapt to machines better and easier to manage.
Grim family life.
Took people in different directions for work.

14. Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Children Suffered in Mills and Mines
Were “trappers”.
Cleared the ventilation shafts.
Orphaned children worked for food and board.
Many families needed the extra money.
Many were beaten, and very few received an education.
Factory Act of 
Minimum 13 years old and maximum 8 hour day.

15. Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Middle Class Expanded
Rise of factory owners, shippers, and merchants…fall somewhere between the super-wealthy “captains of industry” and the laborers.
Lived in nice housing, dressed and ate well, spent time and money on education, and women did not work.
Viewed the poor as lazy or ignorant.
Responsible for their own misery. 

16. Political Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Capitalism vs. Socialism
Capitalism -
Individuals, rather than governments, control the means of production.
Land, labor, and capital.
Driven by profit motives.
Businesses are privately owned.
Socialism -
Government owns the means of production and operates them on behalf of the people.
All decisions on prices, products, etc., made by govt.
Reform movements, unions, and anti-trust laws are created.

17. Labor Unions
Workers bargain COLLECTIVELY for better working conditions and pay.
Striking
Everyone refusing to work at the same time until demands are met
Could become violent confrontations.
Actually made businesses more responsive to the people and probably kept revolutionary ideas in check.

18. Socialism
Began in the early 1800’s as a dream of utopian communities in which everyone worked according to their ability and took according to their needs.
Naïve view of a larger community.
Works best in a family setting…small group.
Marx and Engels
German political and economic philosophers
Said capitalism forced people into two classes (those who owned the means of production versus EVERYONE else, who made up the large PROLETARIAT class.)
Religion, art, music, etc. – all used to keep the proletariat just happy enough to not rebel.

19. Socialism Communist Manifesto
1848
Forceful overthrow of capitalism system is the only recourse for the working class.
Socialist parties grew throughout Europe in the 1800’s.
Did manage to persuade governments to address some of the abuses of early industrialization (working hours, child labor)
Began the now-accepted idea that to some extent, the govt is responsible for the social and economic welfare of the citizenry.
Russian Revolution of 1917 – first socialist overthrow of an existing government.

20. I advocate overthrow of the government
by the working class!

21. So, Was the Industrial Revolution Good or Bad?
A blessing or a curse?
Negative:
Low pay, unemployment, horrible living conditions, and need for reform. 
Positive:
New factories opened, created more jobs, wages rose, travel increased, horizons were widened, more access to products and goods, and opportunities increased. 
Conditions improved over time!

22. Photos of Industrialization
What do you see?

23. Urban life in Great Britain

24. A young woman weaver next to her loom at the Witney Mill in England during the early 1900s.

25. Young girl in the weaving shed at the Witney Mill rewinding unravelled power loom bobbins by hand.

26. This little girl is so small she has to stand on a box to reach her knitting machine. Loudon Hosiery Mills – Tennessee, December 1910.

27. A boy sweeping at a cotton mill.

28. Young boys working with needles or pins of some sort
Young boys working with needles or pins of some sort. Danger of clothes or hands getting stuck in the machine.

29. Boys work in a textile factory.

30. A young Indian child's hand. This child is a carpet weaver.

31. Workers at the Herisem paper and cardboard mill in
Belgium, 1902.

32. Adult coal mine workers.

33. Two boys and a horse in a coal mine – West Virginia, October, 1908

34. Children working in mines. Called “hurriers”.

35. Shorpy Higginbotham, “greaser” at the Bessie Mine of the Sloss-Sheffield Steel and Iron Co. He said that he was 14 years old, but that was doubtful. The greasers carried heavy pails of grease and were often in danger of being run over by the coal cars, December,1910

36. Newsies out after midnight selling newspapers
Newsies out after midnight selling newspapers. Youngest boy in the group is 9 years old and the oldest is age 11 – Washington, D.C.

37. Francis Lance, 5 years old, 41 inches high
Francis Lance, 5 years old, 41 inches high. He jumps on and off moving trolley cars to sell papers – St. Louis, Mo.

38. While working in Sanders Spinning Mill, Bessemer City, N. C
While working in Sanders Spinning Mill, Bessemer City, N.C., Giles Edmund Newsom, a piece of the machine fell on to his foot mashing his toe. This caused him to fall on to a spinning machine and his hand went into unprotected gearing, crushing and tearing out two fingers. He told the attorney he was 11 years old when it happened. His parents said he was 13 years old. The school census taken at the time of the accident made him 12 years old. October 23rd, 1912.

39. Early Automotive Assembly Line, 1920s.