1. Giving your Speech: Developing Confidence
AL AKHAWAYN UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
COMMUNICATIONS STUDIES
Giving your Speech: Developing Confidence
Lecture by Dr. Mohammed Ibahrine
based on
Clella Jaffe’s Public Speaking

2. Communication apprehension (CA)
Is the fear of negative reaction you might experience because you speak out
A specific type of CA is public speaking anxiety (PSA)
(PSA) has two dimensions:
1. Process anxiety
2. Performance anxiety
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3. 1. Process anxiety 1. Process anxiety:
You are experiencing process anxiety when you feel unsure about the how-to of speechmaking,
when you lack confidence that you
Can choose a topic
Do research
Organize your ideas
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4. 2. Performance Anxiety: 2. Performance Anxiety:
You are experiencing performance anxiety when you worry about actually presenting your ideas, when you think you fear you will forget your speech
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5. Develop Speechmaking Skills
To an extent, you can decrease dread by
Studying speech principles
Observing others speak
Speaking yourself
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6. Canons of Rhetoric While studying the “How-to” of speech-making,
educators of speech divided the entire process
into five major categories: (five canons of rhetoric)
1. Creating the speech
2. Organizing speech materials
3. Choosing effective language
4. learning the major ideas
5. Delivering the Speech
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7. Creating the speech: The Canon of Invention
The principles of invention help you analyze your
audience, select an appropriate topic and purpose,
gather evidence and develop reasonable and logical
arguments and explanations
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8. Creating the speech: The Canon of Invention
1. Consider Your Audience
Think of your audience as a mini-culture
Consider your audience in terms of
Beliefs
Values
Attitudes
Look around and note factors that might influence your speaking choices
Notice obvious categories such as gender and age
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9. Creating the speech: The Canon of Invention
2. Choose a Topic
Be sure you understand what is expected
Choose to reveal something unusual
Select a significant topic
Consider your listener’s sensibilities
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10. Creating the speech: The Canon of Invention
3. Identify your Purpose
Identify your reasons for speaking
What do you expect from them
Is your purpose to inform
Is your purpose to persuade
Is your purpose to entertain
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11. Creating the speech: The Canon of Invention
4. Gather Speech (Verbal/Visual) Materials
Definitions
Facts
Examples
Quotations
Primary material
(Interview, Learn its techniques)
Secondary material
(Encyclopedia, Handbooks, Books, magazines, newspapers and online resources)
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12. Organize Your Ideas: The Canon of Disposition or Arrangement
1. Arrange the ideas (Koran)
Introduction: where you orient the audience to the subject
Body: where you explain and develop your major ideas
Conclusion: where you leave your listeners with a memorable conclusion
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13. Organize Your Ideas: The Canon of Disposition or Arrangement
2. Connect your ideas
Use simple connectives such as:
First, next and finally
Have logical divisions
Connectives have a function;
They help your listeners keep their place in the speech by linking the various points to one another and to the speech as a whole
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14. Choose Suitable language: The Canon of Style
1. Consider Your Style (use language effectively in both speaking and writing)
Choose appropriate vocabulary and grammar for both the occasion and the audience
Omit offending language that demeans people on the basis of their sex, race, or age (sexist, racist)
Either define technical terms or eliminate them
Choose more familiar language
Use formal language
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15. Learn and Present Your Speech: The Canon of Memory and Delivery
1. Consider Your memory
Memorized delivery is highly risky
Stay away from manuscript delivery (read it to audience)
Avoid impromptu delivery (with little preparation)
Use extemporaneous delivery (you determine in advance the organizational outline and the major ideas)
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16. Learn and Present Your Speech: The Canon of Memory and Delivery
1. Consider Your delivery
Make eye contact with your listeners
Have pleasant facial expressions
Avoid a monotone voice
Smile at appropriate times
Be conversational
Stay within the time limits
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17. Manage your Communication Apprehension
AL AKHAWAYN UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
COMMUNICATIONS STUDIES
Manage your Communication Apprehension
Lecture by Dr. Mohammed Ibahrine
based on
Clella Jaffe’s Public Speaking

18. Develop Strategies to Deal with Physiological Responses
To manage your communication apprehension
Engage in some forms of physical exercise before the speech
Focus on relaxing your muscles
Breathe slowly and deeply
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19. Develop Strategies to Deal with Physiological Responses
To manage your communication apprehension
Focus on the speech
Use visual aids
Deliver your introduction from notes rather than reading it or reciting it
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20. Develop Strategies to Deal with Psychological Anxiety
To manage your communication apprehension
Control internal monologue by cognitive modification
Identify negative internal monologue
Replace it with positive internal monologue
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21. Develop Strategies to Deal with Psychological Anxiety
To manage your communication apprehension
Think positively in three areas:
The message
The audience
The speaker
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22. Develop Strategies to Deal with Psychological Anxiety
Think positively about the message
Select a topic that interests you
Is beneficial to your audience
Give yourself time for research and organization
Be sure of your pronunciation
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23. Develop Strategies to Deal with Psychological Anxiety
Think positively about the audience
Think that the audience does not consist of expert
Focus of the purpose of your speech
Think of how your audience would feel if they had to give a speech in your native language
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24. Develop Strategies to Deal with Psychological Anxiety
Think positively about yourself
Maintain a positive self-image by focusing on the things you do well
Remind yourself that your worth as a person is unrelated to your skill as a novice public speaker and that competence develops with experience
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25. Develop Strategies to Deal with Psychological Anxiety
To manage your communication apprehension
Use visualization
Visualization is a form of positive self-talk or mental strategizing in which you see yourself successfully performing a complex task
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26. Develop Strategies to Deal with Psychological Anxiety
To manage your communication apprehension
Rehearse
Find a place where you can deliver your speech loud
Find a private audience (friend, classmates, family)
Focus on communicating in a conversational manner
The more prepared you are, the better you will feel
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