1. MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE
Found in all living things
Building blocks of all cells
Made up of the atoms: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
There are 4
Carbohydrates  C, H, & O
Lipids  C, H, & O
Proteins  C, H, O, N, & S
Nucleic Acids  C, H, O, N, & P

2. Carbohydrates Basic units: sugars
Provide energy and structural support
Fiber is a carbohydrate that prevents constipation
Foods: breads, cereals, vegetables, fruits, & seeds
Extra glucose is converted into glycogen in the liver
Glucose

3. Lipids/Fats Basic units: fatty acids
Functions: provides energy & structure, cushions the body, and prevents heat loss
Found in butter, margarine, candy
made of fatty acid molecules that consist two distinct regions:
a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain
a hydrophilic head

4. Saturated Fats contain single carbon-to-carbon bonds
has lots of hydrogen
solid at room temperature (beef, pork, chicken, dairy)
found in animal products
Reduce Intake!  can clog blood vessels

5. Unsaturated Fats
contain double or triple carbon-to-carbon bonds & fewer hydrogen atoms
Liquid at room temperature (oils, nuts, & seeds)
found in plant products
Better Intake!

6. Molecular structures of Fats
Saturated Fat
Unsaturated Fat

7. DNA Structure discovery
James Watson and Francis Crick with DNA Model in 1953.

8. Nucleic Acids Atoms: C, H, O, N, P
Basic units: nucleotides composed of 
Sugar
Phosphate group
Base: cytosine, guanine, adenime, thymine, uracil
There are two types:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Function: DNA directs & controls all activities of all cells in an organism – RNA helps

9. DNA –DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
DNA is the hereditary material passed on from parents to offspring
Structure: double-stranded
Phosphate group
Sugar  deoxyribose
Bases 
Cytosine – Guanine
Adenine – Thymine

10. RNA RNA helps the DNA Structure: single-stranded
RiboNucleic Acid
Structure: single-stranded
Basic units: nucleotides
Phosphate group
Sugar  ribose
Bases 
Cytosine – Guanine
Adenine – Uracil

11. Nitrogenous Bases

12. Proteins Atoms: C, H, O, N, P, S Basic units: amino acids (20)
Provide energy & structure, repairs body tissues
Some are called hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, etc.
Foods high in protein: meat, eggs, poultry, milk & milk products, nuts, dried beans, peas, & lentils

13. Proteins Primary Structure The very basic strand of amino acids
Secondary Structure
The hydrogen-bond interaction among strands of amino acids giving alpha helices and beta-sheets shapes .

14. Proteins Interaction between alpha helices and beta-sheets.
Tertiary Structure
Interaction between alpha helices and beta-sheets.
These protein domains for small globular proteins.
Quaternary Structure
Small globular proteins form protein aggregates.
A famous example is hemoglobin.

15. Protein Structures

16. Protein Structures (Cont’d)

17. Enzymes
Are proteins
Speed up chemical reactions without being consumed or using energy
Enzymes
Amylase - breaks down sugar
Proteases - break down proteins
Lipases - break down lipids
Catalase - breaks down hydrogen peroxide

18. Enzyme Action Models
Models

19. Enzyme Action Models
lock and key model  substrate & the enzyme fit together perfectly
induced-fit model  Enzyme changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate

20. Factors that affect enzyme action:
Temperature – 37oC best for human enzymes
pH – different for each enzyme
7 for amylase in the mouth
2 for pepsin in the stomach
8 for trypsin in the intestines
Concentration of enzyme and substrate
Coenzymes – helpers such as minerals and vitamins

21. Macromolecules parts of the cell Membrane