1. All organisms obtain & use energy
Cellular Energy
All organisms obtain & use energy

2. Thermodynamics = study of energy flow & transformation
Therm = heat Dynamics = motion
1st Law = conservation of Energy
Energy can not be created or destroyed
2nd Law = disorder increases naturally…
energy is needed to hold things together

3. Metabolic Pathways: sets of related chemical reactions
1) Anabolic pathways:
Use energy to put molecules together
increasing order
2) Catabolic pathways:
Break apart large molecules
Releasing Energy &
increasing disorder

4. Cellular Energy = ATP
energy given off by catabolic reactions is stored in a molecule called ATP
ATP is used to transport Energy around the cell
Adenosine TriPhosphate
Has 3 phosphates
Attached in a row

5. To use the energy stored in the ATP one phosphate is broken off.
Removing the last phosphate releases energy

6. To store energy in ATP, cells add a phosphate to ADP
(Adenosine Diphosphate)
The energy is stored in the bond that holds the last phosphate on

7. Photosynthesis * Uses light energy to build sugar * Anabolic
* Converts light energy into chemical energy in the bonds of sugar molecules
* Takes place in plant leaves …
* Leaves have large surface area to gather light energy

8. Chloroplasts Only plant cells have chloroplasts and some protists.
Photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplast in disk like structures called thylakoids (stacks of thylakoids = grana)

9. Photosynthesis Reactants Products CO2 + H2O  Glucose + O2
(chemical energy)

10. Photosynthesis – 2 parts
1) Light Energy converted to ATP energy
-called the light reaction
2) ATP Energy used to build glucose
(chemical energy)
-called the dark reaction or Calvin cycle

11. Light Reaction - happens in thylakoids
1) Light absorbed by chlorophyll
2) excited electron jumps out of chlorophyll and is passed down the electron transport chain
3) electron transport chain makes ATP
4) ATP flows out into the chloroplast
5) Water is used & Oxygen is released

13. Calvin Cycle Carbon dioxide is taken in from the air
ATP energy from light reaction used to put CO2 together with H to make Glucose. (C6H12O6)
(chemical energy)

15. Cellular Respiration
Chemical energy in glucose is converted into chemical Energy in ATP
Reactants Products
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O+ 30ATP
(glucose)

16. 3 Steps to Cellular Resp. 1) Glycolysis – in cytoplasm
(sugar breaking)
2) Krebs Cycle – in mitochondria
- gives off CO2
3) Electron transport chain – in mitochondria
- uses Oxygen
- makes 26 ATP

17. Glycolysis Glucose in cytoplasm broken in ½
Each ½ of a glucose is a pyruvic acid
The pyruvic acids move into the mitochondria to the Kreb cycle
Glycolysis makes 2 ATP

18. Kreb Cycle Pyruvic acids enter the mitochondria
The Kreb Cycle pulls them apart
Carbon dioxide is given off
Hydrogens from the Pyruvic acid fuel the electron transport chain
Kreb Cycle makes 2 ATP

19. Electron transport chain
Hydrogens give electrons to electron transport chain
Electron transport chain and ATPase make 26 ATP.
Oxygen is needed to keep the electron transport chain running.

20. When there is no oxygen Anaerobic = no oxygen
Electron transport chain and kreb cycle stop working
Only glycolysis still works
(2 ATP/glucose)
The pyruvic acid made by glycolysis gets converted to lactic acid

21. Anaerobic bacteria/yeast
Do not have mitochondria so
Only run glycolysis
They give off CO2 and alcohol when they do glycolysis
Any anaerobic glycolysis
= Fermentation