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Harry S. Truman President (D) 1945 – 1953 Cold War policy Containment

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Presentation on theme: "Harry S. Truman President (D) 1945 – 1953 Cold War policy Containment"— Presentation transcript:

1 Harry S. Truman President (D) 1945 – 1953 Cold War policy Containment
Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift United Nations NATO/Warsaw Pact Korean War 2nd Red Scare

2 Iron Curtain Speech and Stalin’s Reply
Read and annotate your assigned speech and answer the questions that follow. Share with a partner the answers to your questions. Who started the Cold War? Do these documents change your original opinion? Why or why not?

3 Iron Curtain Speech On March 5, 1946, Winston Churchill correctly warned that the Soviets were creating an Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe.

4 Bell Ringer: Historical Perspective Defense Poster Presentation
You and a partner must prepare a summary brief that visually answers the following historical question: Who was to blame for the start of the Cold War? Make sure that you have the following on a poster of your creation: Thesis statement that answers the question and takes a position based upon the evidence analyzed Summary argument that is supported with evidence from at least three sources provided from the class document packet. Argument should use either historical context, intended audience, author’s point of view, or document purpose as part of your argument. Summary argument also includes evidence from one additional resource. See website provided. A symbol that visually supports your argument A title to your poster that demonstrates both the question and the historical perspective (traditionalist, revisionist, or realist) that your group has used based upon your conclusions.

5 The Wilson Center: Cold War International History Project

6 Harry S. Truman President (D) 1945 – 1953 Cold War policy Containment
Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift United Nations NATO/Warsaw Pact Korean War 2nd Red Scare

7 Containment The goal of containment was to contain, or limit, Soviet expansion Idea of containment was first outlined in George Kennan’s “Long Telegram” on February 22, 1946. George F. Kennan, a career Foreign Service Officer Then appeared in 1947 article anonymously written in Foreign Affairs “the main element of any US policy must be that of a long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies…” Growing fear that Soviets wished to expand beyond eastern Europe Basic United States strategy for fighting the cold war (1947–1989) with the Soviet Union.

8 Containment Kennan considered the Soviet threat to be primarily political advocated above all else for economic assistance (e.g., the Marshall Plan) and “psychological warfare” (overt propaganda and covert operations) to counter the spread of Soviet influence. Not advocate of military force

9 The United Nations Chartered in April 1945
Replaced the League of Nations as a mediator for international disputes 50 nations joined initially (today, UN has 192 members) In the General Assembly, which decides general UN policies, each nation gets 1 vote (so all are equal) UN Security Council: US, Soviet Union, France, Great Britain, & China reserved the power to veto any action by the UN For the UN to take any military action requires a unanimous vote of the Security Council

10 Truman Doctrine Delivered by President Truman before a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947 The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”. Requested Congress for $400 million for military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey (By 1950 had spent $659 million) Cause for the speech was a recent announcement by the British Government that it would no longer provide military and economic assistance to the Greek Government in its civil war against the Greek Communist Party. Supported the movement of American civilian and military personnel and equipment to the region. Helped ease Soviet pressure on Turkey and Greece Was the beginning of what SC senator Bernard Baruch called a “Cold War”

11 Truman Doctrine Significance: established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. Effectively changed U.S. foreign policy, away from its usual stance of withdrawal from regional conflicts not directly involving the United States, to one of possible intervention in far away conflicts American national security now depended upon more than just the physical security of American territory

12 Marshall Plan January 20, 1947, George Marshall became Secretary of State; he was unanimously in the Senate, thanks to the efforts of Arthur Vandenberg (R-Michigan) the Majority Leader and Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee June 1947-In a speech at Harvard he called for a program of massive aid ($12 Billion) to rescue Western Europe after World War II. Why? Wartime damage and dislocation had hurt factory production in Western Europe Severe drought and harsh winter had destroyed crops Coal shortages, bridges out, rail networks destroyed Communist party flourishing in France and Italy Plan offered aid to all European countries, including the Soviet Union

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14 Marshall Plan Officially known as the European Recovery Program (ERP)
U.S. only major power in the world that was not significantly damaged Highly successful program from 1948 through 1952 European industrial production increased by over 60% Communist strength in Western Europe declined American trade to new markets increased Met the humanitarian need of Western Europeans Economic prosperity led by coal and steel industries helped to shape what we know now as the European Union

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17 National Security Act of 1947
mandated a major reorganization of the foreign policy and military establishments of the U.S. Government Created the Department of Defense (combined the War and Navy Departments) National Security Council (NSC) created to oversee foreign and military policy Central Intelligence Agency created to collect information through open and covert operations Result Gave the presidency broad executive power during the Cold War

18 The Berlin Blockade June 1948 – May 1949
Truman reached agreement with France and Great Britain to merge their three occupied zones (this included both Germany and Berlin) Stalin reacted on June 24 by blocking all overland access to Berlin through East Germany All road and rail lines were cut and no supplies could be brought into the western half of the city Truman refused to do what Stalin had hoped—abandon the city

19 Soviet blockade of Berlin:
East Berlin West Berlin East Germany West Germany

20 The Berlin Airlift Truman was not willing to risk war.
Allies decided to fly supplies into Berlin instead Soviets were unwilling to be the aggressor by shooting down Allied aircraft on humanitarian flights 1500 flights a day delivered 5000 tons of supplies a day – everything from food to coal to gasoline to cloth to machinery At the height of the campaign, one plane landed every 45 seconds at Tempelhof Airport Over ten months, the airlift transported 2.5 million tons to a city of 2 million

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23 Berlin Airlift: October After nearly a year, the Soviets lifted the unsuccessful blockade Germany was officially divided-Federal Republic of Germany (West) and the Democratic Republic (East) It also transformed Berlin, once equated with Nazism, into a symbol of democracy and freedom in the fight against Communism

24 The US and Israel US backed the United Nations plan to establish a Jewish homeland in Israel in 1948, turning many Arab nations against the US, because the Israelis forcibly displaced the Palestinians already living in the area As a result, many Arab states turned to the Soviets for military and financial support

25 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Founded April 4, 1949 Mutual defense treaty against the Soviets US, Belgium, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Great Britain, France, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, & Iceland were the original members Today, includes most of Europe + US & Canada

26 The Warsaw Pact May 14, 1955: Soviets responded to NATO by creating an alliance of communist states Unlike NATO, which was an alliance of free nations, Warsaw Pact members had no choice but to join, since their communist governments were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union Officially disbanded July 1, 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet power

27 NATO & Warsaw Pact

28 1949-Russians Develop Atomic Bombs
August 29, 1949: Soviets tested their first atomic bomb (technology they had largely stolen from the US through espionage) Soviets had become a much more serious threat in the eyes of the US

29 Arms Race Contest in which nations compete to build more and more powerful weapons 1952 America developed Hydrogen bomb – 80 times more powerful than A-bomb Soviet Union soon followed with H-bomb Both countries stockpiled weapons

30 Election of 1948 Candidates: “Whistle stop” campaign
Southern Democrats had formed the State’s Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrats) and nominated their own candidate for president-South Carolina Senator Strom Thurmond Progressive Democrats-Henry Wallace Republican Party-Thomas Dewey “Whistle stop” campaign Campaigned on Fair Deal and repeal of Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 Ultimately won because of Berlin-Airlift success Support from New Deal Coalition

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32 Domestic Policy-The Fair Deal
Truman had previously submitted a 21 point domestic program that would be called the Fair Deal shortly after Japan surrendered in 1945 Expansion of Social Security benefits Raising of minimum wage Public housing and slum clearance National health insurance Federal aid to education This would reestablish the principles of liberalism that had been abandoned during World War II Most of the Fair Deal proposals were abandoned after Republicans won control of Congress in 1946 elections

33 The Fair Deal After his re-election in 1948, Truman managed to convince Congress to pass some of his liberal reforms. It almost doubled the minimum wage—from 40 cents to 75 cents an hour established the Housing Act, which provided 800,000 new houses for the poor. approved Truman’s extension of Social Security benefits Emerging conservative elements of Republican Party and Southern Democrats blocked passage of much of the Fair Deal Congress rejected the idea of national health care, avoided passing any new civil rights legislation and failed to aggressively tackle concerns over fair labor practices

34 1949-US and Chinese Communism
China had been involved in a civil war between Nationalists and Communists since before WWII began After Japanese defeat during World War II the Civil War resumed Communists led by Mao Zedong gained control of mainland China in 1949, driving the Nationalists and Chiang Kai-shek to flee to the island of Taiwan

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36 1949-US and Chinese Communism
The US refused to accept the Communists as the legitimate Chinese government instead recognized the Nationalists on Taiwan as the “true” China, while the Soviets took just the opposite stance U.S. turned attention to Japan instead of China as a Pacific buffer to Asian communism

37 Second Red Scare The second Red Scare occurred after World War II, and was popularly known as "McCarthyism" after its most famous supporter, Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy. First-term senator from Wisconsin who had won election in 1946 after a campaign in which he criticized his opponent’s failure to enlist during World War II In February 1950, appearing at the Ohio County Women’s Republican Club in Wheeling, West Virginia Waving a piece of paper in the air, he declared that he had a list of 205 known members of the Communist Party who were “working and shaping policy” in the State Department.

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40 HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)
Originally created in 1938 to find Nazis that had infiltrated the U.S. government In 1947 it was used as a U.S. Congressional Committee to open hearings on the possible communist infiltration of Hollywood 10 screenwriters, producers and directors claimed their first amendment rights and refused to testify Federal courts agreed with HUAC’s investigation and the Hollywood Ten went to prison for contempt

41 HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)
Studio executives drew up blacklists of possible communists in the movie industry Both Ronald Reagan and Richard Nixon became famous as anti-Communists because of the HUAC meetings.

42 Loyalty Program President Harry S. Truman signed United States Executive Order 9835, sometimes known as the "Loyalty Order", on March 21, 1947. established the first general loyalty program in the United States, designed to root out communist influence in the U.S. federal government. hoped to quiet critics who accused Democrats of being soft on communism. Loyalty Review Board investigated over 3 million government employees, just over 300 of whom were dismissed as security risks

43 NSC 68 1950 National Security Council report issued after China fell to communism; supported the beliefs of Paul Nitze, George Kennan’s successor as director of the Policy Planning Staff. Nitze, saw the Soviet threat primarily in military terms Argued that U.S. could no longer rely on other nations to take an initiative to resist communism U.S. would have to stop any spread of communism (regardless of strategic or economic value) Called for an expansion of American military power

44 The Korean War June 1950 – July 1953 After WWII, Korea had been divided much as Germany had into a Communist-held north and a US-backed south 38th Parallel Post World War II goal was to reunite Korea under democratically controlled elections. June 25, 1950 – North Korea (backed by the Soviet Union) invaded South Korea President Truman urged UN to send in troops from 16 nations (90% were American)

45 The Korean War UN Security Council vote was taken on Truman’s proposal; Soviet Union absent from the vote Douglas MacArthur was chosen as the overall commander of UN forces in Korea North Korean troops had pushed UN (US) forces to Pusan within 2 months of the invasion (September 1950) Douglas counterattacked by splitting forces; Attacked North Koreans from behind their lines at Inchon Troops pushed North Korea back north across the 38th parallel China (communist) sent troops to North Korea and pushed UN troops back into South Korea Video Clip

46 The Korean War 1953 – war ended and the two sides established a demilitarized zone – an area which neither side controls Dispute was eventually settled by returning to pre-war boundaries close to the 38th Parallel, but no formal peace was ever declared

47 Gen. Douglas MacArthur During the Korean War, MacArthur began to be heavily critical of how Truman wanted the war conducted and began to advocate for use of atomic weapons against China as a sure way to win absolute victory Truman was forced to fire the popular MacArthur because Truman wanted to limit the war as much as possible while still containing communism

48 CNN, The Cold War, Episode 6 “Reds”
Answer the guided questions as you watch the episode.

49 Cold War Impact Timeline
Cold War Museum Cold War Wilson Center Cold War International History Project History Channel


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