1. PARTS OF SPEECH Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections

2. Nouns
A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea.
They can be singular or plural (two or more). Plurals are formed by adding –s, -es, changing –y to –i and adding –es, and with changes in spelling as in man to men.
Examples: car-cars, baby-babies, fox-foxes

3. TYPES OF NOUNS
common noun: a word that names any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas and is not capitalized. Ex: jogger, bus, haiku
proper noun: a word that names a particular person, place, thing, or idea and is always capitalized. Ex: New York, Carmel High School
concrete noun: names an object that can be perceived by the senses. Ex: concert, poem
abstract noun: names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic (can not be perceived by the senses)
Ex: success, communication

4. TYPES OF NOUNS (cont’d)
Compound noun:
Consists of two or more words and is used as a single noun.
May be written as two or more words or as a hyphenated word
Ex: bodyguard, high school, great-grandmother
Collective noun:
Singular in form and names a group of people or things
ex: family

5. PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or another pronoun.
You use pronouns like "he," "which," "none," and "you" to make your sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive.
EX: Parker gave Parker’s dog the dog’s bath. (wrong)
How would you change the above using pronouns?
Parker gave her dog its bath.

6. Pronouns Common pronouns are personal and possessive forms
Ex. of personal: I, him, she
Ex. of poss.: My, her, their (these never take an apostrophe)
Indefinite pronouns express an amount or refer to an unspecified person or thing.
Ex: most, somebody, anything
Demonstrative pronouns point to specific people or things
Ex: that, this
Interrogative pronouns begin a question.
who, what
Reflexive pronouns end in –self or –selves and refer to an earlier noun or pronoun (ex: herself, themselves)

7. ADJECTIVES An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
Adjectives will always answer one of the following questions:
What kind? Ex: gray clouds, crisp apple, quiet pond
How many? Ex: three weeks, several mistakes
How much? Ex: less noise, more dessert
Which one? Ex: first answer, this jacket, next year

8. ADJECTIVES (continued)
There are also ARTICLES (which are adjectives).
Indefinite articles refer to any one member of a group: a, an
Definite articles point out a particular noun: the
WHY DO WE USE ADJECTIVES?
To make writing sharper
To provide imagery for the reader

9. VERBS – express something about the subject and express action, events, or state of being;
Action Verbs: Verbs used to show that somebody has done something
Action verbs can also be actions you can't see such as: Sue thought about pets. She wanted a puppy.
Action verbs are time-telling verbs. They also tell when something takes place.
My dog runs faster than yours. (present tense)
Yesterday he ran around the block. (past tense)
Tomorrow he will run in a race. (future tense)

10. Verbs cont’d
Actions verbs may be used alone as the main verb of a sentence.
EX: My kitten fell into the pond.
Or the action verb may use a helping verb:
EX: If you get too close to the edge, you will fall too.
If you're unsure whether a sentence contains an action verb or not, look at each word in the sentence and ask yourself "Is this something a person or thing can do?"
For example: During the summer, my poodle constantly pants.

11. Helping verbs Helping Verbs do not stand alone or express action.
ex: We are helping the third grade class.
ex: Hank might have been driving the wrong way.

12. Linking Verbs
Linking Verbs never show or express an action. They connect nouns or pronouns to other information in the sentence.
ex: Mario is a computer hacker.
ex: The picture appeared blurry.
How can you tell when verbs are actions vs. linking verbs? Substitute AM, IS, ARE for the verb and if it still makes sense, then it's a linking verb.
ex: Chris tasted the crunchy potato chip.
(Revise: Chris is the crunchy potato chip.) - TASTE = Action
ex: Your supper smells delicious.
(Revise: Your supper is delicious.)

13. Adverbs
Adverbs are words used to describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly
They give more information about a verb.
We use adverbs to make writing more interesting.
Describe the man’s actions:
He’s working quickly. He’s working slowly.
He’s working carefully. He’s working fast.
He’s working hard.

14. Adverbs cont’d
Adverbs give information about the time, place, and manner of the action.
Frank worked yesterday. (WHEN)
Steve works here. (WHERE)
They work well together. (HOW)
Adverbs have many possible positions within a sentence.
Quickly, he finished his work.
He quickly finished his work.
He finished his work quickly.

15. Adverbs cont’d Adverbs can be used to compare actions.
Frank works more quickly than Steve.
Steve works more carefully than Frank.
Which worker works more efficiently?
Adverbs can modify adjectives.
Paul is a very good worker.
Sandy is frequently busy.
Our teacher is always patient with us.

16. Adverbs final notes Adverbs of manner answer the question, how?
She spoke softly, loudly…
Adverbs of time answer the question, when?
Pete will paint later.
Adverbs of number answer, how often?
Michele went to the Superbowl twice.
Adverbs of place answer, where?
The flower petals were scattered everywhere.
Adverbs can modify other adverbs.
Don’t eat too quickly.

17. Adverbs final notes The words not and never are ALWAYS adverbs.
Samantha would not eat her bologna sandwich.
Not is an adverb modifying the verb eat.
Many people confuse good and well.
Good is an adjective describing a noun.
It was a good game.
Well is an adverb describing a verb.
I did well on that test.

18. Conjunctions Words that join words or group of words
Three types of conjunctions: coordinating, correlative, and subordinating
Coordinating Conj. include AND, OR, BUT, FOR, and NOR.
They connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal value (meaning they can stand on their own as separate sentences).
EX: John is running in this race and I am carrying his water bottle.

19. CORRELATIVE
Correlative conj. connect items of the same value but are used in pairs.
EITHER/OR, NEITHER/NOR, NOT ONLY/ BUT ALSO, WHETHER/OR, BOTH/AND
Remember that when either is used without or and neither is used without nor, it acts as adjectives or pronouns.
Either movie seems to be a good choice. -used as adj.
Neither was good. - used as a pronoun

20. SUBORDINATING Conj.
Sub. Conj. introduce dependent clause (can’t stand alone as a sentence) and is, therefore, dependent on the rest of the sentence.
EX: Since I will not be home, Tina will answer the phone.
MOST COMMON SUB. CONJ = after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, because, before, even though, if, once, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether,

21. PREPOSITIONS Mountain preposition model.notebook
Prepositions show relationships between nouns or pronouns and other words in a sentence. 
Prepositional phrases generally contain the preposition and an object of the preposition. Objects of the preposition MUST be nouns. Here are some example:
              In bed (in, preposition and bed, noun)
              To Texas (to, preposition and Texas, noun)
The noun may have modifiers. 
  In the big bed (in, preposition / the, article / big, adjective / bed, noun)
   To the grocery store (to, preposition/ the, article/ grocery, adjective / store, noun)

22. Prepositions cont’d **Rule**
Subjects and verbs can NEVER be found in prepositional phrases. It is a good habit to learn to spot prepositional phases. Use parentheses to mark them; then, when you are looking for the subject and verb of the sentence, it will narrow down the search.
EXAMPLE: The boy by the window on the other side of the room was looking over his shoulder at the pretty girl in the hall.
The boy (by the window)(on the other side)(of the room) was looking (over his shoulder)(at the pretty girl)(in the hall.) Subject = boy Predicate = was looking

23. Prepositions cont’d
A word about "to." When "to" is used with a noun, it is a preposition; but when it is used with a verb, it is an infinitive. Be careful to recognize the difference.
Examples:
To bed (to plus noun) = preposition
To sleep (to plus verb) = infinitive

24. INTERJECTIONS
Interjections are exclamatory words that express strong emotion.
Ex1: Wow! That was cool.
Ex2: Holy cow! I dropped my cereal.
Ex3: Ouch! That hurt.
Ex4: Oh, I didn’t know that.
Most mild interjections are treated as parenthetical elements and set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma or set of commas. If the interjection is more forceful, however, it is followed with an exclamation mark. Interjections are rarely used in formal or academic writing.
List of Interjections.doc