Urban Growth and Decline

Urban Growth and Decline
Stage 5 Geography This is a quick summary of some of the main elements of an action research project, that addresses the Stage 5 Geography topic Issues in the Australian Environment: Urban Growth and Decline. As an over riding comment I’d say that, teachers who would like to make the fullest use of the tools provided by the DER laptops would be well advised to acquire the complete Microsoft Office and Adobe CS4 suite of tools. At the moment these can be purchased for about $ through the DET Portal. There are many easily accessible training videos available as well, particularly those available for the CS4 suite through lynda.com

Cities are always changing
Urban decline Urban renewal Gentrification Urban consolidation Students were introduced to content on this topic with a rich set of PowerPoint presentations (PPTs). The principle underlying the development of the PPTs was one of demonstrating excellence, avoiding the more traditional wall of text PPTs and modeling good practice in this mode of communication. Change involves four urban processes

Focus: ICT in the Stage 5 Geography Syllabus
Geography (Mandatory) Stage 5 requires students to: create a formatted, multiple-paged document containing web-links to communicate geographical information design and create a simple database from student research import data from other ICT applications into student research findings Most syllabus documents have mandatory ICT components. Thos applying to Stage 5 Geography formed a set of objectives for this action research project. I attempted to address as many of these as I could. design and create a multimedia presentation or webpage to communicate geographical information to a particular audience, including maps and diagrams as appropriate critically analyse a website, including the ethics of the site access, collect and interpret electronic information.

This action research project is to encourage students to:
access, collect and interpret electronic information using the Internet, Moodle & SSC Leichhardt Geog Blog Import data from other ICT applications into student research findings review models, make notes and gather secondary data on urban structure and process. design and create a simple database from student research use ABS - Sydney a Social Atlas 2006, ABS Community profile statistics, Google Maps, Google Street View This action research project, therefore, encouraged students to do the following. The red text is a direct quote from the syllabus. Note also that some of these statements imply the addressing of mandatory ICT requirements, even if the language is different. Maintain a record of all materials studied in a formatted, multiple-paged document containing web-links to communicate geographical information

This action research project is to encourage students to:
use applications ie. Word/ Adobe Portfolio or OneNote critically analyse a website, including the ethics of the site consult & add to a Delicious network using an agreed set of tags process information using applications such as Excel & Photoshop design & create a multimedia presentation or webpage to communicate geographical : Wiki

Implementation of the Program
Stage 1 – 31 March to 2 May Stage 2 – 3 May to 23 May Stage 3 – 24 May onwards The major part of the project was put into operation within this time range. Although aspects of the project will be ongoing, the basic lesson delivery a subsequent field study activity and follow-up assessment task, are all in this time frame.

The Research Questions
How is the Foreshore being used? How has the land use changed and what is the impact on the biophysical and built environment? What issues have arisen from Urban Growth & Decline? Although the initial part of the topic was more general and concerned the urban processes that have operated in the growth of Sydney students were led towards answering these research questions. Who is affected by these issues? How are the issues being addressed?

The Research Cycle 1. Identify the aim/purpose of the investigation
9. Where appropriate, take action 2. Generate focus questions to Guide the investigation 8. Propose individual or group action in response to the findings 3. Which primary and secondary data are needed to answer the focus questions 7. Select methods to effectively communicate the research findings From the beginning, students were introduced to the idea of the Research Cycle, using this type of PPT presentation. The stages were discussed and clarified. Clear distinctions made between the use of secondary sources in the period leading up to the field study and the primary source material they would have an opportunity to collect in the field. 4. Identify the techniques that will be used to collect the data 6. Process and analyse the data collected 5. collect primary and secondary data

The Field Study Area Millers Point Walsh Bay Barangaroo Circular Quay
This is the area in which the final field study, or student research project, was conducted. Darling Harbour

Basic content presented in 7 PowerPoints
1. Basic urban processes 2. Sydney’s Development 3. Government stakeholders and their responsibilities 4. Community and commercial stakeholders 5. Changes in the study area from the 19th to 21st centuries Seven content rich PPTs were produced. In addition to demonstrating sound practice in collection of secondary source materials the PPTs were intended to be collections of assets that students could recycle and reuse. 6. Field Work 7. Processes operating in the study area

Lesson content provided students with a rich preparation for field activities
It’s important to emphasise that the quality of the resources offered to students in lessons had to reflect the focus on quality that was expected from them. Throughout the emphasis was on documenting change, impacts and management. Extensive use was made of both archival and contemporary materials. The National archives, the National Library, the State Archives and the State Library have excellent online resources that may be used for educational research and lesson preparation. Hickson Rd – The Hungry Mile – Darling Harbour

Smith & Gardiner’s Map of Sydney and Suburbs 1855
Showing Change in the Area Showing changes in the field study area was an important strategy. The task of locating secondary sources was sometimes challenging but achievable because of the vast amount of archival material that is becoming available on line. It’s not always in a form that immediately useful and must sometimes be processed in various applications to produce the desired effect. Smith & Gardiner’s Map of Sydney and Suburbs 1855

Robinson’s Aeroplane Map of Sydney 1922
Showing Change in the area Notice the dramatic changes in the coastline of the field study area in the period 1855 to 1922. Robinson’s Aeroplane Map of Sydney 1922

Showing Change in the Area
Finally today’s outline from Google maps Google Map of Sydney 2010

Built using Photoshop These maps were processed using Photoshop

Scoping the topic with FreeMind
At the beginning effective use was made of FreeMind, a simple mind mapping tool that comes along with the DER laptops The strategy was to reflect on and suggest the positive and negative impacts of the urban processes on the biophysical and the built environments. This mind map is incomplete but arose from discussion with students.

Moodle : supplementing basic content
A platform of resources OneNote book template Link to TALE & laptop Wraps The process of providing basic content and tools for investigating secondary materials was supported by a platform of resources posted on the school’s Moodle site. The list began with a simple OneNote book that followed the sequence of topics and stages within this unit of work. It was zipped and available for students to download and un-zip. Homework posted here

SSC Geog Blog Providing additional content
Aiming to facilitate interactivity Next a Blog was established through Edublogs. The project began earlier in the year before blogED was available. The Blog was intended to provide additional content and facilitate interactivity.

SSC Geog Blog Provide a additional audio materials
Pages added for each part of course The Blog was also a good place to locate audio-visual materials, and of course, to add specialised pages like the Glossary, basic definitions of the urban processes

PowerPoints posted on Blog
SSC Geog Blog The PPTs were also posted on the Blog for several reasons. They were larger than the upload limit on the school’s Moodle site; it was an easy point for dissemination and it added interest to the Bog and gave students a sound reason to go there. PowerPoints posted on Blog

Stage 1 – Resources and Tools
ABS Sydney a Social Atlas 2006 ABS Community profile statistics Google Maps & Street View Models of Urban development Simple Land Use Models Excel, Word, Adobe Portfolio or OneNote, Photoshop, Camera Digital Tools The first stage of the process can be summarised accordingly– Simple Land Use models of Sydney were introduced drawing on the ABS Social Atlas, Google Maps and Models of Urban development. Excel, Word, Adobe Portfolio or OneNote, Photoshop, Cameras were used as digital tools and both Delicious.com and the SSC Leichhardt Blog Were used for networking and communication. A summary of Stage 1 follows Delicious SSC Leichhardt Blog Web2.0 Tools

Stage 1 - Pre-activity Assessment
Wk Per Focus Content Student task Wk 10 to Wk 1 Finding basic data Preparation of simple community Profile, identify & photograph urban processes Work on pre-topic assessment using neighbourhood data. Prepare a basic community profile. identify & photograph one or more urban processes in own neighbourhood locate photograph on a neighbourhood map or satellite image

Stage 1- Week 2, Term 2 Focus Content Student task
Wk Per Focus Content Student task Wk 2 P 1 Definition of Processes PPT presentation on Urban Processes with examples from Leichhardt Municipality Define Urban Growth, Decline, Renewal, Consolidation and Gentrification Spatial & ecological dimensions Students continue work on pre topic assessment organising neighbourhood map & basic community profile, completing placement of photographs illustrating urban processes. P2 Sharing of photographs (Bluetooth/USB thumb drive) PPT - patterns of city growth & decline in Australia's urban areas Brainstorm likely issues & the impacts of urban growth on the economy, environment & communities. Discuss impact of Urban Growth & decline on people, economy and environment? Who Are the stakeholders? Lift images from PPT & makes notes using Moodle based resources Present in OneNote or Word & Adobe Portfolio. Post questions/comments on Blog

Sydney has changed since 1788
Sydney has grown out from a centre Returning to the idea of quality resources. This map was produced using Adobe Illustrator and Adobe Photoshop. Adobe Illustrator comes with the teachers’ Adobe CS4 package that can be purchased through the DET Portal. I built this because there wasn’t another such map available.

Cities can be represented by circles
The area of first settlement Cities grow out from areas of first settlement, and as they grow certain processes occur: Some areas Decline In some areas there is Renewal Outward growth There’s Consolidation of people in some places Simple models of urban development were also used. This simple concentric zone model was made with Adobe Illustrator and Adobe Photoshop as well. In other places change in social and economic status occurs - Gentrification

Sydney has branched out
Of course Sydney’s development hasn’t been as illustrated in the simple models, it’s branched out. Students were asked to reflect on what might have caused this. What might have caused this?

Railways greatly influenced Sydney’s development
Of course, using ABS base maps of Sydney, edited in Photoshop the obvious answer is easy to illustrate. 1850

A sliding array of railway network maps from 1850 to the present show just how closely related Sydney’s early development was to the growth of railways. 2004

George St, 1950s By 1950 Sydney was a city that relied little on automobiles and motor lorries and was confined to the corridors traced by the extensive suburban train and tramway network. The character of life, particularly the traffic free streets reveals a Sydney with a very different pace of life. Trams began to be phased out from the 1950s onwards as car and truck transport developed

Car & Trucks and Buses By the 1960s this had changed, with the growth of cars, trucks and bus, plus the end of trams Sydney began to grow away from corridors defined by the suburban train and tramway network, to spread outwards and to fill in the spaces between the fingers of development to the north, south and west. By the 1960s cars, trucks and buses were major forms of transport in Sydney

Lessons: provided basic content
Visible air pollution Waterfront cargo storage Port Activities Major traffic thoroughfare Appropriate use of archival material was used to stimulate student, extend skills in the interpretation and analysis of photographic materials and illustrate effective use of ‘call-outs’ in PPT as a way of highlighting details. Horse drawn freezer/meat van Cargo unloaded directly to wharf Pyrmont bridge: 1903

Lessons: provided basic content
No visible air pollution Waterfront Hotels & apartments Port activities confined to ferries and Private boating Comparisons with the present allowed students to appreciate the dynamism of Sydney and develop ideas about presentation. Tourism activities on wharf Pyrmont bridge: 2009

View across Darling Harbour 1880s
Some views were so dramatically different, the changes so complete that nothing of the past can now be seen. This view is from the approximate location of the Novotel Darling Harbour

View across Darling Harbour 2010
The same view today. Can you see anything from the 1880s?

Living and Working Conditions
Walsh Bay Wharves Warehouse Wool Store 19 Gloucester Street, The Rocks Port and factory workers lived close to work What follows is a series of early photographs showing conditions within the field study area from the late 19th to the early 21st centuries. These provided a rich opportunity for analysis of secondary materials. Late 19th century view from Windmill St, Millers Point, looking over Walsh Bay

Millers Point 19 Gloucester Street, The Rocks Coal powered steam engine Coal train rolling stock Early 20th century Darling Harbour coal loader – ships needed coal for fuel

Horse and cart Unsealed streets and horse manure a breeding ground for bacteria Children barefooted Urban decline in the 19th century

19 Gloucester Street, The Rocks Hydrated lime barrel. Hydrated lime was used as a disinfectant because it produced a dry & alkaline environment that retard bacterial growth In the 19th Century streets were often unsealed and unsanitary

19 Gloucester Street, The Rocks Blocked drainage being cleared Bones, horns and old piles unearthed Urban renewal – cleaning out 19th century drains in 1900

1900 Demolition of sub-standard housing 19 Gloucester Street, The Rocks A bubonic plague outbreak led to demolition of some decaying urban areas

19 Gloucester Street, The Rocks Signs of global industry emerging Around 1900 retailing was still largely through corner stores and local businesses

Pyrmont Balmain 19 Gloucester Street, The Rocks Walsh Bay finger wharves Large areas of housing demolished to build the Sydney Harbour bridge Darling Harbour In the 20th century the area was still a mix of docks, warehouses, industry & housing

19 Gloucester Street, The Rocks Still a working port Railway lines removed Urban decline – old industrial area Empty Wool Stores Now converted to apartments & parking Darling Harbour immediately before the Darling Harbour Urban renewal Project

How is land in the study area now used?
High rise office blocks Western Distributor Modern apartments – urban consolidation Millers Point heritage houses built from 1820 to 1930 Heritage buildings remaining on Gas Works site No shipping of cargo, Port abandoned

Low energy buildings with small carbon footprint Tourist Hotels Restaurants and bars Moorings for private ferries, cruise and charter boats No longer finger wharves at King St

Urban consolidation Urban Renewal - Maritime Museum Public Access to foreshore

Government, Corporate and Community websites & reports Images – photos, videos, maps, statistical maps, graphs Processes, Stakeholders, Decisions, Future Excel, Word, Adobe Portfolio or OneNote, Photoshop, Camera Digital Tools In Stage 2 we began to examine the stakeholders who are involved, those affected by urban change and the management strategies they adopt to steer, influence and regulate them. More details notes follow. Delicious SSC Leichhardt Blog Web2.0 Tools

Wk Per Focus Content Student task Wk 3 P 1 Stakeholders and Their Perceptions PPT Identifying three levels of government stakeholders in Stakeholder levels of govt. CBD & Darling harbour areas? Introduce websites view policies & approaches to the development of Sydney - CBD and Darling harbour areas. Prepare a diagram or table in OneNote or Excel and Adobe Portfolio, based on lesson, summarising the responsiblities of govt in urban issues. Use PPT posted on the Blog & other websites identified through Delicious or Internet. Wk3 P2 PTT introducing stakeholder commercial & community organisations interested in urban processes Which have a stake in CBD & Darling harbour areas? Determine their position on the development of Sydney - CBD and Darling harbour areas Prepare a diagram or table outlining the commercial interests and concerns of the different groups Use the PPT & other websites from Delicious or the Internet, Present in OneNote or Excel and Adobe Portfolio

Wk Per Focus Content Student task Wk 4 P 1 Decisions making processes and management PT and notes plus some film footage Blog addressing change in City West, Darling Harbour, Millers Pt & Walsh Bay areas in 19th & early to mid 20th centuries. Use the PPT posted on the Blog plus other websites you identify through Delicious or on the Internet, to prepare notes in OneNote or Word & Adobe Portfolio, answering the questions addressed in today's lesson. P2 PT and notes plus some film footage Blog addressing change in City West, Darling Harbour, Millers Pt & Walsh Bay areas in the late 20th & early 21st centuries.

Wk Per Focus Content Student task Wk 5 P 1 Implications and the Future PPT showing Issues and Implications of Urban Growth & Decline Issues highlighting - Processes, Indicator & Impacts of urban growth and decline List of issues arising from Urban growth & decline under headings Process, Indicator Impact + or - Process, Indicator Impact, who is affected by Urban Growth and decline? Who Are the stakeholders? (Enables students to gather secondary data they will soon investigate in the field) P2 PPT & notes & some video already posted on Blog about Barangaroo, addressing : Nature & scope of the project Project as urban renewal Stakeholders & Environmental, Economic & Community impacts Also Sydney's transport system. Plans for the future Describe the: Economic & Community impacts Using delicious and Internet presented in OneNote or Word & Adobe Portfolio.

Government Stakeholders
Planning NSW NSW Housing NSW Road Transit Authority (RTA) NSW Maritime Aust Dept of Customs & Excise NSW Dept of Environment Climate Change & Water Aust Dept of Immigration & Citizenship NSW Transport & Infrastructure Levels of government are quite important. Colour coding and the simple wheel display were used to convey much information succinctly. Sydney City Council Federal Government NSW Government Local Government

NSW Road Transit Authority
There is a cross city tunnel ventilation stack located in the Darling Harbour area near Druitt St. The city’s major north south traffic route. Its colour, cladding and architecture were determined in consultation with other Government Departments & stakeholders The RTA is obviously a big stakeholder in the field study area. RTA’s major stakes in the area are the Cross City Tunnel, the Western Distributor and the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

Planning NSW – NSW Department of Planning
Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Barangaroo Delivery Authority So too is Planning NSW and its three key agencies NSW Heritage Council Planning NSW’s three agencies have a major role in managing the areas

Barangaroo Delivery Authority
The NSW Government’s is committed to the delivery of Barangaroo in a coordinated and financially responsible manner. Established under the Barangaroo Delivery Authority Act 2009 This is a massive Public Private Partnership that will have major implications for the area. There are excellent video materials available that students can edit and re-purpose. Barangaroo will extend from King St Wharf, along the eastern side of Darling Harbour to Millers Point and around to Walsh Bay. It’s a very large area of around 15 central city blocks but most is on the old Patrick's Wharf site in Darling Harbour.

NSW Maritime a State Government Authority responsible for:
marine safety, regulation of commercial & recreational boating and oversight of port operations property management of submerged lands in Sydney removal of rubbish in the interests of the tourist industry, harbour-side local government, the recreational boating public, operators of commercial vessels, waterfront property holders and the public using Sydney Harbour.

Storm Water Management in the Study Area
SQID Stormwater Quality Improvement Devices. Managed by Sydney City Council under the CBD SQID Stormwater Quality Improvement Devices. Managed by Sydney Water in Blackwattle Bay Sydney Water works in conjunction with local councils to manage stormwater quality

NSW Transport & Infrastructure
Sydney Ferries Sydney ferries remains the main provider of commuter services in both the inner and outer harbours Sydney Ferries is a NSW Government agency operating regular ferry passenger services on Sydney Harbour and its tributaries

Visitors – Darling Harbour
31% 54% 9% The biggest group of stakeholders are the visitors. Until retrieving these figures I had no idea just what an important destination Darling Harbour is for international visitors. 5% Almost 150 million people have visited Darling Harbour since it opened in 1988. Source: Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre | fact file February 2009

Darling Harbour Tenants
Who is the main stakeholder? There are many private stakeholders both commercial and community. One of the biggest will be Lend Lease who with construct the Barangaroo Project of 10 to 15 years at an initial cost of $6 billion. There are lots of small businesses as well. The Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority manages 97 tenancies in Darling Harbour Source: The Darling Harbour Authority -

Cruise Boat and Charter Operators
Some of them are on the water as well as on the land. Who are the stakeholders?

Millers Point Residents’ Action Group
Millicent Chalmers OAM, Chair Who are the stakeholders? All of the housing in Millers point is Heritage listed. The community is aging, but it retains a long and intergenerational cultural connections with Sydney as a working port. 47.2% of the housing is rented from a state housing body, in short it’s public housing. “Rather than just saying ‘don’t do that’, we try saying ‘what about this’. It doesn’t always work and sometimes we just have to grin and bear it. But it’s much harder for them (the council and government) to deny an idea if you offer other real alternatives.”

Board of Studies examples of student work – on Moodle Teamwork Roles and responsibilities defined Research Action Plan integrating primary & secondary data Excel, Word, Adobe Portfolio or OneNote, Photoshop, Audacity, Premier Elements, GPS, Camera Digital Tools Finally the day of the field study arrived. In the period before this the field study students worked through strategies for sampling prepared data in the field and then did it very smoothly.. The only disappointing aspect of this otherwise overwhelmingly positive experience was that I bought the wrong sort of microphone for use with Audacity. It seems I should have bought a condenser microphone. The mike I bought is better used for recording a podcasts not for its sensitivity to environmental noise. Delicious SSC Leichhardt Blog Web2.0 Tools

Stage 3 - Week 6, Term 2 Focus Content Student task
Wk Per Focus Content Student task Wk 6 P 1 Fieldwork: integrating Primary & Secondary data Introduce Research Action Plan as an animated PPT PPT on Secondary data - reviewing sources already used PPT on Primary data collection - cameras, digital video, gathering noise samples, measuring wind speed, temperature, GPS. Review Field Work Format Allocate data collection tasks Practice: Testing sound levels (Audacity) Taking photos with cameras Using digital video P2 Fieldwork Wk 7 on Following Fieldwork Ongoing: Interested students to edits video Interested students post findings to Wiki

The Research Cycle 1. Identify the aim/purpose of the investigation
9. Where appropriate, take action 2. Generate focus questions to Guide the investigation 8. Propose individual or group action in response to the findings 3. Which primary and secondary data are needed to answer the focus questions 7. Select methods to effectively communicate the research findings The data gathered, the students sat for a pen and paper test. Chatting with the HOD we reasoned that next time we’d have to build a different assessment tool, one that also included having specific data gathering and processing tasks involving digital tools, not just a written field report. 4. Identify the techniques that will be used to collect the data 6. Process and analyse the data collected 5. collect primary and secondary data

Assembling of primary materials Students writing and posting findings to Wiki Students post to Delicious Construction of Wiki & Delicious Tags Excel, Word, Adobe Portfolio or OneNote, Photoshop, Audacity, Premier Elements, GPS, Cameras Digital Tools Delicious SSC Leichhardt Blog SSC Leichhardt Wiki Web2.0 Tools

A Student’s Work from the Field Study
New high rise apartments The Bond Building. 6 Green Star rating Part of the old gasworks on Hickson Rd The next task is t build the Wiki, with examples of student work as the resources base. I’m hoping this becoming a useful resources that students want to own as their own. The process is Urban Consolidation shown by apartments, building with small ecological footprint and preservation of heritage 8. Processes, indicators, impacts and management Photo by Gieun

A Student’so Community Profile

Urban Processes in a Student’s Neighbourhood

Video Clips

Wiki Watch this space

A Footnote follows

Blog Visits The statistics on visits to the Blog show a slow uptake on interest. This raises the importance of beginning early, by introducing early years to the processes and practices of Blogging. The idea of individual Blogs comes to mind. With this approach students in Stage 5 geography are likely to be better equipped to make effective use of such a potentially valuable Web2.0 tool

Timetable & Calendar Issues
15 Periods available for Issues in the Australian Environment With all action research the limits of time tables and the vicissitudes of school calendars can have a dramatic impact. Four Geography classes were spread over a two week timetable. In the second week two classes fell on the same day, a Friday. This was a popular day for excursions held by other faculties or co-curricular interests.. 25% of possible teaching days were lost. This meant that the teaching had to be compressed into a small teaching time as assessment tasks had been allocated to days that would allow report writing to be completed well before the end of term two.

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