1. Chapter 9 LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
Psychology
Chapter 9 LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
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2. Lifespan development: How we change from conception to death?
How do we study it? Naturalistic observation, Case Studies, Surveys, and/or Experiments
We will focus on Physical, Psychosocial, and Cognitive factors
What is normal development? Normative
We’ll use developmental milestones as guides
Any ongoing arguments we should know of?
Nature (genes & bio) VS Nurture (environ)
Continuous (cumulative) VS Discontinuous (stages), & One course VS Many courses

3. FIGURE 9.2
The concept of continuous development can be visualized as a smooth slope of progression, whereas discontinuous development sees growth in more discrete stages.

4. Theories and Developmental Stages
Freud: we go through psychosexual stages
Erikson: has psychosocial stages that run from infancy all the way through adulthood
1) Trust vs. Mistrust (age birth to 1)
2) Autonomy vs. Shame / Doubt (1 to 3)
3) Initiative vs. doubt (3 to 6)
4) Industry vs. Inferiority ( 7 to 11)
5) Identity vs. confusion (11 to 18)
6) Intimacy vs. isolation (19 to 29)
7) Generativity vs. stagnation (30 to 64)
8) Integrity vs. despair (65 on)

5. Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
1) Sensorimotor – senses and actions dictate my world experience. Object permanence eventually
2) Preoperational – I’ve got some words for stuff, and egocentrism
3) Concrete Operational – progress with classifying objects, simple math, and object conservation
4) Formal Operational – abstract logic, moral reasoning and hypothetical thinking.
5) Postformal stage?
Assimilation, Accommodation, and Schemas
Criticized for underestimating stage timing, and ignoring continuous aspects of development

6. Kohlberg studies Moral Development
Pre-conventional: obedience & self interest
Conventional: social approval via conforming
Post-conventional: balance via principles

7. Zygote! What happens at fertilization?
Cells they start dividing (mitosis) and then
Head down a fallopian tube toward the uterus while placenta and umbilical cord start forming (this is called the Germinal period – 2 weeks )
Once attached in the uterus, we get the Embryonic period (week 3 through week 8)
This is a critical period. Teratogens can mess up the development of junior’s internal organs.
Miscarriage due to genetic defect will usually occur during the first trimester – 3 months.
At the start of week 9 we get the Fetal period which marks lots of rapid growth, and the organs finish up their developmental processes

8. FIGURE 9.8
During the fetal stage, the baby's brain develops and the body adds size and weight, until the fetus reaches full-term development.

9. What are newborns capable of?
Rooting reflex. Helps to find food.
Moro (startle) reflex. Oops!
Grasping? Nice grip! Strong!
Sucking… goes with rooting.
My senses seem to be working… some better than others. Touch works best. Vision worst.
Developmental milestones for newborns include holding one’s head up, rolling over, sitting up unaided, crawling and finally walking

10. How about infants and children?
Changes in gross and fine motor skills.
Brain size grows (blooming & pruning)
Cognitive changes: thinking, problem solving & communication + Theory Of Mind
Later our older child’s thinking becomes more logical and organized. Plans & goals.
Language development is spectacular. From cooing and babbling to telegraphic speech to a huge vocabulary. Chomsky... LAD
What about Social Development?

11. Ainsworth and attachment
Secure: most common & healthiest
Avoidant: unresponsive to my care giver
Resistant: clingy and then rejecting
Disorganized: chaos often a result of abuse
Any other important social factors to consider?
Let’s chat about self concept...
Self recognition around 18 months
Interactive from 2 to 4, but I don’t like to share
Cooperation then leads to group identification
Identity formation, autonomy, competence etc

12. FIGURE 9.14
In secure attachment, the parent provides a secure base for the toddler, allowing him to securely explore his environment. (credit: Kerry Ceszyk)

13. Baumrind’s parenting styles: Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved
Let’s move on to Adolescent Development eh?
Lots of physical changes. Primary and Secondary sexual changes. Menarche
Frontal lobes still under construction so compromised judgment & impulse control
Better able to plan, a better grasp of abstract concepts and multiple points of view
Cognitive empathy increases
Some pulling away from parents, with more emphasis on peer relationships

14. ‘Emerging’ to Later Adulthood?
Some stuff starts to decline (strength, reaction time, processing speed), while intellect & verbal abilities are stable (for healthy adults)
Psychosocial factors: satisfying work important, along with family and friendships
And, at life’s end?
Hospice hopes to provide death with dignity, and support for those we leave behind
Kubler-Ross’ stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

15. Social support is important as we age. (credit: Gabriel Rocha)
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