1. The ENLIGHTENMENT
Ideas of the Renaissance + the Scientific Revolution + the Age of Reason = the Enlightenment

2. ISAAC NEWTON “bridge” between the age of science and the age of reason
“If I have seen further than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.”

3. Principia Mathematica
The mathematical and physical laws governing the force of gravity published in 1687
1. An object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force….law of inertia
2. F=MA force = mass x acceleration
3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
The planets and all other physical objects in the universe move throught mutual attraction, or gravity.

4. Newton’s other ideas
Optics….every color has a unique angle of refraction
Calculus
“Every particle of the universe attracts every other particle with a force varying inversely as the square of the distance between them and directly proportional to the square of their masses.”

6. SALONS Social gatherings were the fashion
Paris was the cultural center of Europe
Wealthy hostesses invited poets, writers, musicians, wits and conversationalists to these parties
Marie Therese Geoffrin

7. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA -Envisioned by the philosophe Denis Diderot
-to include science, math, technology, music, art, medicine, government, law, geography
-50% funded by Madame Geoffrin
-1st volume published in 1751
-last volume #28 completed in 1772
-volume #7 angered Louis XV…government censors banned more publications…Diderot got around it
-inspiration for English and Scottish writers to create the Encyclopedia Britannica

8. MUSIC: BAROQUE 1670-1750 dramatic and complex
2 new techniques: fugue and counterpoint
Fugue: melody is repeated with slight variations on different instruments
Counterpoint: weaving of two or more melodies together
Oratorio
operatic work sung but not staged

9. Harpsichord strings were plucked portable sounds “plinky”
precursor of the piano

10. Johann Pachelbel Canon in D 1653-1706 stylistic ancestor of J.S. Bach
dominant figure in late 17th century keyboard
Canon in D

11. Antonio Vivaldi Four Seasons: Spring 1678-1741
Trained as a priest, but composed and conducted music
Concertos: solo contrasts with ensemble
3 movements
Influenced Bach
Four Seasons: Spring

12. George Frideric Handel
Internationally famous
Inspiration to Beethoven
Music has a theatrical quality…appealed to a wide audience, including the middle class
1714: in London when George I came to the throne
Royal Water Music
26 oratorios
Messiah 1742

13. JOHAN SEBASTIAN BACH 1685-1750 German organist and court musician
Greatest of all Baroque composers
Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring
Brandenburg Concertos

14. CLASSICAL MUSIC 1750-1820 A period of great productivity
Unity, clarity and balance became more important
New forms:
symphony….work in 4 movements for orchestra
concerto…solo instrument(s) and orchestra
sonata: for one or two instruments having several movements

15. FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN 1732-1809 “father of the symphony”
Wrote over 100 symphonies and 83 quartets
Best known works:
Symphony #94: Surprise
Emperor’s Hymn

16. WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART 1756-1791
completed more than 600 compositions before his death at age 35
combined technical perfection and lightness of touch with deep emotion…a perfect expression of the spirit of the age
examples:
Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
Piano Concerto #21 (Elvira Madigan)
Symphony #41

17. LUDWIG Van BEETHOVEN
Perhaps the greatest composer of all time
Style moved from classical to romantic
more color, emotion and drama
Much less prolific composer
Most famous:
Moonlight Sonata
Fur Elise
Symphony #5
Symphony #9