1. Prophase I; Crossovers tetrads form form by synapsis of homologues
Figure Events of meiosis involving one pair of homologous chromosomes.
Prophase I;
tetrads form
by synapsis of
homologues
Crossovers
form
Anaphase I;
homologues
separate
Daughter
cells of
Meiosis I
Anaphase II;
sister
chromatids
separate
Daughter cells
of Meiosis II

2. Figure 43.2a Spermatogenesis.
Spermatogonium (2n)
Mitosis
Primary spermatocyte (2n)
Growth phase
Primary spermatocyte (2n)
Meiosis I (DNA replicated
before division)
Secondary spermatocyte (n)
Meiosis II (DNA not replicated
before division)
Spermatids (n)
Spermiogenesis
Functional sperm (n) 2

4. Figure 42.2 Structure of the testis.
Interstitial
endocrine cells
Immature
sperm
Spermatic cord
Blood vessels
and nerves
Seminiferous
tubule
Ductus (vas)
deferens
Head of epididymis
Efferent ductule
Spermatogenic cells
Rete testis
Lobule
Straight tubule
Septum
Tunica albuginea
Body of
epididymis
Spermatic cord
Tunica vaginalis
Duct of epididymis
Cavity of
tunica vaginalis
Tail of epididymis
Epididymis
Testis 4

5. Figure 43.2b Spermatogenesis.
Spermatogonia
Primary
spermatocytes
Spermatids
Immature
sperm
in lumen
Sustentocytes
(of testis) 5

6. Figure 42.5 Cross section of epididymis (120).
Pseudostratified
columnar epithelium
Spermatozoa
Stereocilia 6

7. Figure 42.3 Transverse section of the penis (3).
Corpora
cavernosa
Venous
cavities
Tunic albuginea
(surrounds corpora)
Lumen of urethra
Corpus spongiosum 7

8. Fluid medium of semen Tail Midpiece Sperm Head with acrosome
Figure Sperm in semen.
Fluid medium
of semen
Tail
Midpiece
Sperm
Head with
acrosome 8

11. Figure 43.4 Oogenesis. 11 Meiotic events Follicle development in ovary
Before birth 2n
Oogonium (stem cell)
Follicle cells
Mitosis
Oocyte 2n
Primary oocyte
Primordial follicle
Infancy and
childhood
(ovary functionally inactive) 2n
Primary oocyte
(arrested in prophase I;
present at birth)
Primordial follicle
Each month from
puberty to menopause
Primary follicle 2n
Primary oocyte (still
arrested in prophase I)
Secondary follicle
Spindle
Vesicular (antral)
follicle
Meiosis I (completed by
one primary oocyte each
month in response to
LH surge)
First polar body n
Secondary oocyte
(arrested in metaphase II)
Ovulation
Meiosis II of polar body
(may or may not occur)
Sperm
Ovulated secondary
oocyte
Meiosis II
completed
(only if sperm
penetration
occurs)
In absense of fertilization,
ruptured follicle becomes
a corpus luteum and
ultimately degenerates. n n n n
Polar bodies
(all polar bodies
degenerate)
Second
polar body
Ovum
Degenerating
corpus luteum 11

12. Figure 43.5 Anatomy of the human ovary.
Tunica
albuginea
Secondary
follicle
Cortex
Granulosa
cells
Late
secondary
follicle
Degenerating
corpus luteum
(corpus albicans)
Mesovarium and
blood vessels
Germinal
epithelium
Vesicular
(antral)
follicle
Primary
follicles
Antrum
Secondary
oocyte
Ovarian
ligament
Zona
pellucida
Theca
folliculi
Medulla
Ovulated
secondary
oocyte
Corpus luteum
Corona
radiata
Developing
corpus luteum 12

16. Figure 42.9 Cross-sectional view of the uterine tube (12).
Serosa
Smooth muscle
Highly folded
mucosa
Lumen 16

17. Figure 42.8 Cross-sectional view of the uterine wall.
Endometrium
Myometrium
Serosa 17

18. Figure 43.6 Endometrial changes during the menstrual cycle.
Necrotic (areas
of dead and
dying cells)
fragments of
functional layer
of endometrium
Elaborated
glands
Endometrium
Glands
Endometrium
Myometrium
Functional
layer
Basal layer
Myometrium 18

19. Figure Correlation of anterior pituitary and ovarian hormones with structural changes in the ovary and uterus.
Fluctuation of gonadotropin levels:
Fluctuating levels of pituitary gonadotropins
(follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing
hormone) in the blood regulate the events
of the ovarian cycle. LH
Plasma hormone level
FSH
Ovarian cycle: Structural changes in the
ovarian follicles during the ovarian cycle
are correlated with (d) changes in the
endometrium of the uterus during the
uterine cycle.
Primary
follicle
Secondary
follicle
Vesicular
follicle
Ovulation
Corpus
luteum
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Follicular
phase
Ovulation
(Day 14)
Luteal
phase
Fluctuation of ovarian hormone levels:
Fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones
(estrogens and progesterone) cause the
endometrial changes of the uterine cycle.
The high estrogen levels are also
responsible for the LH/FSH surge in (a).
Plasma hormone level
Estrogens
Progesterone
The three phases of the uterine cycle:
Endometrial
glands
Blood vessels
Menstrual: The functional layer of the
endometrium is shed.
Approximately days 1–5.
Proliferative: The functional layer of
the endometrium is rebuilt under
influence of estrogens.
Approximately days 6–14. Ovulation
occurs at the end of this phase.
Secretory: Begins immediately after
ovulation under the influence of
progesterone. Enrichment of the blood
supply and glandular secretion of
nutrients prepare the endometrium to
receive an embryo.
Menstrual
flow
Functional
layer
Basal layer
Days 1 5 10 15 20 25 28
Menstrual
phase
Proliferative
phase
Secretory
phase 19

20. Figure 43.2 Spermatogenesis.
Spermatogonium (2n)
Mitosis
Spermatogonia
Primary spermatocyte (2n)
Growth phase
Primary
spermatocytes
Primary spermatocyte (2n)
Meiosis I (DNA replicated
before division)
Spermatids
Secondary spermatocyte (n)
Meiosis II (DNA not replicated
before division)
Immature
sperm
in lumen
Spermatids (n)
Spermiogenesis
Functional sperm (n)
Sustentocytes
(of testis) 20