1. Layers of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere is divided into 4-5 layers based on temperature changes that occur at different distances above the Earth’s surface.
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

2. Layers of the Atmosphere
1st layer - Troposphere
Where we live
Where weather occurs
Has most of the gas molecules
Has most of water vapor

3. Layers of the Atmosphere
2nd layer - Stratosphere
Ozone Layer is located here
Ozone is a gas molecule that is
made up of three oxygen atoms.
Ozone layer absorbs or reduces
UV radiation
UV radiation damages cells; causes
skin cancer and cataracts

4. The sun produces UV, & split into three bands:
Ultraviolet Light
The sun produces UV, & split into three bands:
UV-A (least harmful) is not absorbed by ozone & reaches earth’s surface.
UV-B (more harmful) is mostly absorbed by ozone, some reaches the earth’s surface.
UV-C (most harmful) is completely absorbed by ozone.

5. Layers of the Atmosphere
3rd layer - Mesosphere
The MIDDLE layer of the atmosphere
The coldest layer
Metros burn up in this layer as they fall to earth

6. Layers of the Atmosphere
Next layer – Thermosphere & Ionosphere
Hottest layer
Ions reunite with electrons and makes LIGHT!
Happens at the poles
Called AURORA LIGHTS

7. Layers of the Atmosphere
Last Layer - Exosphere
The atmosphere merges into space
in the extremely thin exosphere.
Many satellites like the
International Space Station
travel in the exosphere

8. Energy Transfer
Radiation is the energy that is transferred as electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and infrared waves.

9. Energy Transfer
Conduction is the transfer of energy as heat through a material.

10. Energy Transfer
Convection is the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations an can result in the transfer of energy as heat.

11. Heating of the Atmosphere
Dark-colored objects absorb more
solar radiation that light-colored objects,
so dark colored objects have more energy
to release as heat.
This is one reason the temperature in
cities is higher that the temperature
in the surrounding countryside.

12. What happens if the Ice Caps Melt?

13. Greenhouse Gases Gases trap heat inside the atmosphere.
Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would be too cold for life to exist.

14. Greenhouse Gases 3 Main Greenhouse Gases
Water vapor
Carbon dioxide
Methane
The quantities of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere vary considerable as a result of natural and industrial (human) processes.

15. Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Effect – The warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and reradiate infrared radiation.
Gases trap heat inside the atmosphere.
This heat that radiates in is not able to radiate back out.
Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would be too cold for life to exist.

16. Hydrosphere
Hydrosphere – Includes all of the water on or near the Earth’s surface.
Includes: oceans, lakes, rivers, wetlands, polar icecaps, glaciers, soil, rock layers, water vapor in the atmosphere, and clouds.

17. Hydrosphere
71% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water.

18. 2 Types of Water Salt Water Fresh Water Contains salt * Contains salt
(36 ppt) (less than 0.5 ppt)
Includes: * Includes:
Oceans/seas Rivers
Bays Lakes
Estuaries Streams
- Ice caps
97% is salt Glaciers
- Aquifers

19. Locations of Water
Surface Water – Water that collects on the surface of Earth.
Includes:
* Rivers
* Lakes
* Glaciers
Ground Water – Water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock.
* Recharge zones
* Aquifers
* Wells

20. Aquifers
Aquifer – A rock layer that stores and allows the flow of groundwater.
It can take thousands of years for an aquifer to recharge.

21. Uses of Water United States China 41% agriculture
38% power plant cooling
11% industry
10% public
China
87% agriculture
7% industry
6% public

22. Uses of Water Percent of per day Total #1 Toilets 27%
41% of water usage goes to agriculture & about 10% goes to domestic usage.
Percent of per day Total
#1 Toilets 27%
#2 Clothes Washer 21%
#3 Showers 17%

23. Water Cycle
Water Cycle - “The continuous movement of water into the air, onto land, and then back to water sources”
4 Parts to the Cycle:
Evaporation – Liquid water changes into a gas or vapor
Condensation – Water vapor collects on a cold surface
Precipitation – Rain, sleet, snow, hail that falls to the ground
Transportation – Evaporation of water from plant leaves

24. Global Temperature Regulator
The MOST important function
of the world ocean is to absorb
and store energy from the sun.
After absorbing and storing
heat, the ocean releases heat
more slowly than land.
If the ocean did not regulate,
then temperatures would be
too extreme for life to exist on earth.

25. Biosphere
Biosphere - “The narrow layer around Earth’s surface in which life can exist”
Includes the uppermost part of geosphere, most of hydrosphere and lower part of atmosphere
If compared to an apple, it would be the small layer of skin.
Life exists because of our:
Water
Moderate temperatures
A Source of energy