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The study of the interaction between organisms and their environment
ECOLOGY The study of the interaction between organisms and their environment Magnet Biology- Ch 46-49
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Ch 36-Ecological levels of organization
Section 3-1 Go to Section:
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Ecosystem Structure Biosphere – part of the Earth in which life exists including land, water, air and atmosphere Ecosystem – different communities and their non-living environment Community – different populations living in the same area Population – many members of 1 species living in the same area Species – group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring Organism – 1 member of a species
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Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere?
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Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere?
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Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere?
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Biomes Each set of Biomes is defined by a unique set of abiotic factors-particularly climate-and has a characteristic ecological community.
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Biomes of the Earth Figure 4-17 The World’s Major Land Biomes
Section 4-3 Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Northwestern coniferous forest Mountains and ice caps Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Boreal forest (Taiga) Go to Section:
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Ten Major Biomes Biome Precipitation Temperature Soil Diversity Trees
Grasses Tropical Rain Forest high hot poor dense Sparse ** tropical RF are the most diverse of all biomes Tropical Dry Forest variable mild rich moderate medium Tropical Savanna clay sparse Desert low Temperate Grassland summer hot absent Shrubland (chaparral) summer low, winter moderate Compare/Contrast Table Section 4-3 Go to Section:
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Temperate deciduous Forest
moderate summer moderate, winter cold rich high dense sparse Coniferous Forest (Boreal)includes taiga summer mild, winter cold rocky, acidic low Tundra Summer mild, winter cold poor absent Medium **know-permafrost **biome classifications usually don’t include icecaps
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Marine Ecosystems Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem land
Section 4-4 land Photic zone 200m Coastal ocean 1000m Open ocean 4000m Aphotic zone 6000m Ocean trench 10,000m Continental shelf Continental slope and continental rise Abyssal plain Go to Section:
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Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater: Estuaries Marine: flowing standing
wetlands Estuaries where fresh water merges with salt water. Very diverse Marine: Intertidal; Pelagic (photic and aphotic) Benthic (area along ocean floor)
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Adaptations and Behavior
Animals, plants, and all living things adapt to their environment by evolving unique behaviors and physical characteristics to better survive and reproduce.
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Instinctive Behavior vs. Learned
Instincts: innate behaviors, usually very complex Learned Behaviors: Ex: imprinting
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Territorial Behavior One animal defending its space against another animal
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Migration: instinctive seasonal movement of a species
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Hibernation and Estivation
Hibernation: species becoming dormant in winter months Estivation: dormancy during hot or dry period
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Types of Camoflauge
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Cryptic Coloration: animal is the same color as the environment
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Disruptive Color-shading
Two-toned coloration. Confuses predators because it makes it hard to distinguish organisms in a crowd.
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Counter-shading The animal is two-toned, light on bottom and dark on top. Common in marine species
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Chemical Defenses Poisons Venom Toxins Ink (aquatic)
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Mechanical Defenses Teeth Claws Stingers Etc.
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Plants adapt to their environment
Thorns To stop animals from eating them Thick stems and leaves To hold water Shape Hold water, attract insects Smell Attract and Deter Bright Colors Creative Seeds To be carried by animals, water or wind
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Sweet Gum Tree – Seed Pods
Spiny seed pods protect seeds from predators
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Maple Trees – helicopter seeds aid in dispersal
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Dandelions: seed dispersal
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Pitcher Plant: carnivorous due to poor soil nutrients
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Cactus: spines help cool and conserve water
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Succulent: waxy coat helps preserve water
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Fragrant and brightly-colored flowers attract pollinators
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Factors in Ecosystems Ecosystems are influenced by biological and physical factors. Biotic Factors (Biological) Living organisms that influence an ecosystem Ex Predator and Prey Abiotic Factors (Physical) Non-living factors that influence an ecosystem Ex Soil, Water, Temperature, Sunlight
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What is an ecosystem composed of? Living & Non-Living Together
Mountain, clouds, water & rocks Non-Living ONLY Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors Living ONLY Trees, bird, grass, rabbit, & moose ECOSYSTEM Living & Non-Living Together
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Roles in Ecosystems Niche – an organisms role in its ecosystem - full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions If an organism dies, another organism will take over its niche Examples: Predator, prey, consumer, producer, decomposer Your niche right now is being a student Habitat – the environment in which an organism lives Your habitat is your house
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Niche Examples
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Relationships - SYMBIOSIS
Symbiosis – organisms that live together 3 types Mutualism – both organisms benefit Ex bee and flower Commensalism – one organism benefits and the other is not hurt Ex bird nest in a tree Parasitism – one organism benefits and the other is harmed Mistletoe growing on a tree
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Mistletoe
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Parasite Example Cuckoo Egg!
The cuckoo lays eggs in other species of bird’s nests. It hatches first and pushes out the other bird’s eggs. Then the mother bird raises the cuckoo rather than her own babies!
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Community Interactions
Competition Predation Symbiotic relationships Mutualism-ex-Lichens Commensalism-ex-lichens and a tree Parasitism-ex-mosquitos and us!
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Flow of energy in ecosystem
Words to know: autotrophs, heterotrophs, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detrivore Energy flow: food chains, food webs Ecological pyramids (Only 10 % of available energy moves up the pyramid)
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Energy Pyramid
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Biomass Pyramid Represents the amount of living organic matter at each
trophic level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid.
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What determines the different types of biomes?
Latitude – distance of any point on the surface of the Earth north or south from the Equator Impacts weather and climate
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Climate vs. Weather Climate – average weather conditions in an area including temperature and precipitation Weather – condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time We listen to the weather report everyday on the news
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Why we have different seasons and different biomes
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Global Cycles Water -evaporation, transpiration, precipitation
Carbon -photosynthesis and respiration Nitrogen -relies on bacteria Phosphorus -weathering of rock
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Water cycle The Water Cycle Section 3-3 Go to Section: Condensation
Precipitation Transpiration Evaporation Runoff Seepage Root Uptake Go to Section:
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Carbon Cycle Depends on two main processes-Photosynthesis and Respiration Remember the equations for both!
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Figure 3-13 The Carbon Cycle
Section 3-3 CO2 in Atmosphere CO2 in Ocean Go to Section:
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Nitrogen cycle Most nitrogen is in the atmosphere
Organisms can only use nitrogen in the form of ammonium or nitrate Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium or nitrates, which is absorbed by plants There are other bacteria that can convert these molecules back to atmospheric nitrogen
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Figure 3-14 The Nitrogen Cycle
Section 3-3 Go to Section:
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Phosphorous is found mostly in sedimentary rocks, which are weathered into soil.
Phosphorous is important to all living things (phosphates in ATP and in DNA)
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Phosphorus Cycle Depends heavily on the weathering of rock
Plants absorb dissolved phosphate ions from the soil Also, decomposers can return phosphates back to soil Because weathering is a slow process, phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient to plant growth
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Population ecology Concept Map Population Growth Logistic Exponential
Section 5-1 Population Growth can be Exponential growth Logistic characterized by represented by characterized by represented by Falling growth rate S-shaped curve Limits on growth No limits on J-shaped Constant Unlimited resources which cause a Go to Section:
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Ch 3-Communities and Biomes
Community- group of interacting organisms that occupy the same area at the same time Limiting factor- any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction or distribution of organisms (ex-sunlight, water, temp, nutrients, space, etc). All organisms have a range of tolerance
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Figure 5-4 Logistic Growth of Yeast Population
Carrying Capacity Section 5-1 the number of living organisms that a region can support without environmental degradation. Logistic growth curve Carrying capacity Number of Yeast Cells Time (hours)
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Human Population Growth & historical events – exponential growth curve
Industrial Revolution begins Agriculture begins Bubonic plague Plowing and irrigation
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Limits to Growth A. Population Limiting Factors
Section Outline Limits to Growth Section 5-2 A. Population Limiting Factors 1. Density-Dependent Factors a. Competition b. Predation Parasitism and Disease Essentially anything “biotic” 2. Density-Independent Factors: a. abiotic- weather and climate, natural disasters (bottlenecks), human activities (CFC’s, Burning fossil fuels, etc). Go to Section:
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Group Discussion What are some specific factors that have resulted in the growth of the human population? What is biodiversity? How have humans threatened biodiversity? Give some specific examples Renewable vs non-renewable resources?
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Ecological Succession
Ecological Succession = how an environment responds to a disturbance Pioneer species – 1st organisms to move into an area Community continues to grow until limiting factors, environ. change , or natural disasters Climax community - stable, mature; not much change occurring 2 Types: Primary Secondary
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Primary Succession a. Creates new colonies of organisms in new areas where no soil exists (EX: islands formed by volcanoes) b. takes a long time b/c soil(break down of rocks)
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Secondary Succession a. Changes that occur to a community after a natural disaster or environmental destruction b. "Old" species die and new species may move in c. This one doesn’t take as long as primary because the soil is already established.
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Causes of Ecological Problems
Acid Precipitation Results from the presence of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in the air Come from the burning of fossil fuels Greenhouse Effect Due to a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane Carbon dioxide released from the combustion of fossil fuel
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More causes Ozone depletion Biological magnification
Due to CFC’s used as refrigerants and propellants CFC’s turn ozone into oxygen gas Biological magnification Because of pyramid of numbers, small concentrations of toxins in an environment become concentrated to dangerous levels in higher trophic organisms Habitat destruction
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Human Impact H – Habitat Destruction I – Invasive Species
P – Pollution P – Population (of humans) O – over-hunting and over-harvesting (natural resources)
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H – Habitat Destruction
Deforestation Urbanization Mining Coastal Degradation Coral Reef Destruction :’( Leads to extinction of species, climate change, contaminated soil, reduces biodiversity
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I – Invasive Species An invasive species is a species that is introduced into a foreign environment This is a problem because it can choke out preexisting species These invasive species do not have natural predators, so their population booms Ex: kudzu, lion fish, red-tailed catfish We try to stop it through laws, education, and trapping/catching them
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P - Pollution Any environmental change that adversely affects the lives of living things Ex: trash in land/air/ocean, CO2 emissions, nuclear waste, burning fossil fuels, fertilizer runoff, toxins released into water Results: animals can go extinct, eutrophication, global warming How to help: reduce/reuse/recycle, use public transportation, renewable energy
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P- Population (of humans)
When the ecological footprint of a human in a location exceeds the carrying capacity of that location Tl;dr: too many people in one space Increasing birth rates, lowering death rates, migration Causes all the other parts of HIPPO
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O – Over-Exploitation Ex: overuse of soil, overhunting,
Can cause extinction, imbalance of predator/prey Solutions: POLITICS, more wildlife reserves, more strict hunting policies, and, of course, abolish poverty
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Human Impact H – Habitat Destruction I – Invasive Species
P – Pollution P – Population (of humans) O – over-hunting and over-harvesting (natural resources)
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